国技National sport, national pastime, national game),又称国民运动,或国球,是指一个国家特有或具有代表性的竞技运动。然而国技的定义并不严密,既有公认概念上的国技(如美国的棒球),也有通过法律具体规定的(如加拿大就法定袋棍球和冰球为国技),也因此使得国技并不一定是该国最具人气或强项的运动。除了加拿大之外,世界上通过法律确定国技的还有巴哈马的帆船、孟加拉的卡巴迪、巴西的卡波那拉、斯里兰卡的排球等。

定义 编辑

国技的定义并不十分严格,有在法律上具体规定的竞技运动,享有官方认可的地位;[注 1] 也有在国家文化中有特殊意义,深受国民爱戴的竞技运动。[注 2] 由国家文化发展而成的竞技运动是成为国技的其中一项条件,但并不全然如此,某些源自外国的竞技运动也有可能因为深受国民的爱戴,或者具有特殊的意义,成为公认的国技。一般只要符合以下两项要点,都会被认定为是国技:

国家法令指定的竞技运动,给予特殊的地位和待遇[注 1]
例如:加拿大的长曲棍球(夏季)和冰上曲棍球(冬季)
国家或民族文化中特有的竞技运动,或者是有某种特殊意义的竞技运动[注 2]
例如:日本的相扑、韩国的跆拳道、西班牙的斗牛

除了上述两项,某些广泛普及的竞技运动,虽然不是公认的国技,但已经深植入于国家的体育文化当中,成为深受全民欢迎的休闲活动,所以经常是被极力推广的国家体育项目,例如:世界各地的足球、英联邦国家的板球、美国的篮球和橄榄球、日本的棒球、马来西亚和印尼的羽毛球等。

国技列表 编辑

法定的国技 编辑

国家 体育运动 始于
  阿根廷 帕托英语Pato 1953年[1]
  巴哈马 史路普帆船 1993年[2]
  孟加拉国 卡巴迪 1972年[3]
  巴西 卡波耶拉 1972年[4]
  加拿大 长曲棍球(夏季运动)、冰上曲棍球(冬季运动) 1994年[5]
  智利 智利牛仔骑术英语Chilean rodeo 1962年[6]
  哥伦比亚 特茹英语Tejo (sport) 2000年[7]
  伊朗 伊朗传统摔角 1976年[8]
  韩国 跆拳道 2018年[9]
  墨西哥 墨西哥牛仔竞技英语Charrería 1933年[10]
  菲律宾 卡里艾斯奎玛武术英语Eskrima 2009年[11]
  波多黎各 巴苏马术英语Paso Fino 1966年[12]
  斯里兰卡 排球 1991年[13]
  乌拉圭 高乔传统竞技 2006年[14]

公认的国技 编辑

国家 体育运动
  阿富汗 布玆卡兹[15]
  安圭拉 竞速帆艇英语Yacht racing[16]
  安提瓜和巴布达 板球[17]
  巴巴多斯 板球[18]
  百慕大 板球[19]
  不丹 不丹传统箭术英语Archery in Bhutan[20]
  中华人民共和国 乒乓球
  古巴 棒球[21][22][23]
  多米尼加 棒球[24]
  芬兰 芬兰棒球[25]
  格林纳达 板球[26]
  圭亚那 板球[27]
  印度 曲棍球[28][29][30]
  以色列 足球[31]
  爱尔兰 盖尔式足球[32][33][34]
  牙买加 板球[35]
  日本 相扑/棒球[36]
  拉脱维亚 篮球(夏季运动)、冰上曲棍球(冬季运动)[37]
  立陶宛 篮球[38][39]
  马达加斯加 橄榄球[40][41]
  新西兰 橄榄球[42]
  挪威 越野滑雪[43][44]
  巴基斯坦 曲棍球[45]
  巴布亚新几内亚 联盟式橄榄球[46][47]
  秘鲁 Paleta Frontón[48]
  罗马尼亚 Oină[49]
  俄罗斯 班迪球[50]
  苏格兰 高尔夫球[51]
  斯洛文尼亚 高山滑雪[52][52]
  中华民国 棒球[53]
  土耳其 摔角[54] & Cirit[55]
  特克斯和凯科斯群岛 板球[56]
  美国 棒球[57][58]
  威尔士 橄榄球[59]

另见 编辑

注解 编辑

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 参见“法定的国技”。
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 参见“公认的国技”。

参考文献 编辑

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