用户:Kc kennylau/rework
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下列表格显示的是在维基百科条目中用国际音标（IPA）表记的古希腊语和现代希腊语的音韵结构。目前古希腊语的发音常用希腊语罗马字转写系统表示，而希`腊本土居民常用现代希腊语词句表示。
关于此语言的具体的音韵结构，参见古代希腊语音系和现代希腊语音系。
| 辅音 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 希腊字母 | IPA | 示例 | 同
义的 | |
| 古希腊语 | 现代希腊语 | |||
| ῾ | h | ∅ | ἥρως [hɛ̌ːrɔːs], [ˈiros] | hero (仅古希腊语) |
| β | b | v | βίος [ˈvios] | vet |
| γ | ɡ | ɣ | γάλα [ˈɣala] | 没有相应的英文词汇 |
| ʝ[1] | γη [ʝi] | yellow | ||
| δ | d | ð | δῆμος [dɛ̂ːmos], [ðimos] | then |
| ζ | dz[2] | z | ζώνη [ˈzoni] | zero |
| θ | tʰ | θ | θεολογία [θeoloˈʝia] | thing |
| κ | k | k | καλός [kaˈlos] | sky |
| c[1] | κύκλος [ˈciklos] | 诸如 key | ||
| λ | l | l | λεξικό [leksiˈko] | lie |
| ʎ[3] | ελιά [e̞ˈʎa] | million | ||
| μ | m | m | μηχανικός [mixaniˈkos] | mine |
| ν | n | n | νέος [ˈneos] | nine |
| ɲ[3] | νιότη [ˈɲoti] | onion | ||
| ξ | ks | ξενοφοβία [ksenofoˈvia] | tax | |
| π | p | πρόγραμμα [ˈproɣrama] | spy | |
| ρ | r | r[4] | ρητορική [ritoriˈci] | trilled r，如同意大利语和西班牙语 |
| ῥ | r̥[5] | |||
| σ[6] | s | σύστημα [ˈsistima] | sea | |
| τ | t | τηλέφωνο [tiˈlefono] | step | |
| φ | pʰ | f | φαινόμενο [feˈnomeno] | fly |
| χ | kʰ | x | χάος [ˈxaos] | loch (苏格兰) |
| ç[1] | χειρόγραφος [çiˈroɣrafos] | (通常) human | ||
| ψ | ps | ψυχοθεραπεία [psixoθeraˈpia] | tips | |
| γγ | ŋɡ, ŋɣ[7] | αγγούρι [aŋˈɡuri]/συγγραφέας [siŋɣraˈfeas] | finger | |
| ɲɟ, ɲʝ[1][7] | άγγελος [ˈaɲɟelos]/εγγενής [eɲʝeˈnis] | angel | ||
| γκ | ɡ, ŋɡ[7] | εγκώμιο [eŋˈɡomio] | good, finger | |
| ɟ, ɲɟ[1][7] | εγκυκλοπαίδεια [eɲɟikloˈpeðia] | argue, angular | ||
| γχ | ŋx[7] | άγχος [ˈaŋxos] | often ankh | |
| ɲç[1][7] | εγχείριση [eɲˈçirisi] | sometimes ankhes | ||
| γξ | ŋks | έλεγξα [ˈeleŋksa] | thanks | |
| μπ | b, mb[7] | εμπάθεια [emˈbaθia] | book, amble | |
| ντ | d, nd[7] | εντάξει [enˈdaksi] | duck, under | |
| τσ | ts | τσάι [ˈtsai] | cats | |
| τζ | dz | τζαζ [ˈdzaz] | pads | |
| 元音 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 希腊字母 | IPA | 示例 | 同
义的 | |
| 古希腊语 | 现代希腊语 | |||
| α | a | a | αλφάβητο [alˈfavito] | tar, spa |
| aː | ||||
| αι | aj | e | 介于 bet 和 bait 之间 | |
| ε | e | ενέργεια [eˈnerʝia] | ||
| ει | eː | i[8][9] | ενέργεια [eˈnerʝia] | seem |
| η | ɛː | ηθική [iθiˈci] | ||
| ι | i | ιστορία [istoˈria] | ||
| iː | ||||
| υ[10] | y | υγιεινή [iʝiiˈni] | ||
| yː | ||||
| οι | oj | οικονομία [ikonoˈmia] | ||
| υι | uj | υιός [iˈos] | ||
| ο | o | o | οργανισμός [orɣanizˈmos] | hope |
| ω | ɔː | ώρα [ˈora] | ||
| αυ | aw | av, af | αύρα [ˈavra] /αυθεντικός [afθendiˈkos] | [a] then [v] / [f] |
| ευ | ew | ev, ef | ευρώπη [evˈropi] / ευφορία [efoˈria] | [e̞] then [v] / [f] |
| ηυ | ɛːw | iv, if | εφηύρα [eˈfivra] / ηυξημένος [ifksiˈmenos] | [i] then [v] / [f] |
| ου | oː | u | ουτοπία [utoˈpia] | boot |
| 重音和声调 | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | 示例 | |
| 古希腊语 | ||
| á | Acute: High tone on short vowels | |
| ǎː | Acute: Rising tone on long vowels and diphthongs | |
| a | Grave: low tone ([à]) | |
| âː | Circumflex: Falling tone on long vowels and diphthongs | |
| 现代希腊语 | ||
| ˈa | άλλος [ˈalos] |
Stress mark: placed before the stressed syllable or vowel. Represented in monotonic orthography by tonos. Occurs on one of final three syllables, including any enclitics. |
注释
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 ‹γ›, ‹κ›, ‹χ›, ‹γγ›, ‹γκ›, ‹γχ› represent palatal [ʝ c ç ɲɟ ɲç] only before the front vowels [i] and [e]. The velar and palatal series are sometimes analyzed asallophones of a single dorsal series.
- ^ Also may have been /zd/.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 [ʎ] and [ɲ] are usually analysed as clusters of/li/and /ni/ respectively, and are also spelled accordingly in Greek orthography. Palatalized pronunciation presupposes the presence of yet another vowel after the palatalized consonant and its following /i/. If there is no subsequent second vowel, palatalization does not occur.
- ^ May be a tap [ɾ] intervocalically.
- ^ May have been /rʰ/.
- ^ ‹σ› represents [z] before [b v m r ɣ] eg: Σμήνος[ˈzminos]
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 γκ, μπ, ντ usually represent [ŋɡ~ɲɟ mb nd] when found in the middle of a Greek word, [ɡ~ɟ b d] when found in any foreign word or in the beginning of the a Greek one. eg: αμπέλι [amˈbeli], μπαμπάς [baˈbas]
- ^ The large number of mergers into Modern Greek /i/ is calledIotacism.
- ^ Letters normally representing /i/ can also indicate a palatal pronunciation of dorsal consonants when appearing before other vowels: i.e instead of velar [ɣ k x ɡ], palatal [ʝ c ç ɟ] occur (eg: γιαγιά [ʝaˈʝa], κιόλας [ˈcolas], χιόνι [ˈçoni], μαγκιά [maˈɟa]. A similar process has a palatal fricative follow other consonants; [ʝ] follows voiced consonants [v b d ð z r] (eg:χέρια[ˈcerʝa], βαριέμαι [varˈʝeme]) and [ç] follows voiceless consonants [f p θ t s t͡s] (eg:καρφιά [karfˈça], ποιος [pços], ρεβύθια [reˈviθça]). Similarly [ɲ] follows [m] under similar situations (eg: μια [mɲa], καλαμιά [kalaˈmɲa]
- ^ When following a vowel, ‹υ› represents a pronunciation with[f] before ‹θ›, ‹κ›, ‹ξ›, ‹π›, ‹σ›, ‹τ›, ‹φ›, ‹χ›, ‹ψ›, and a pronunciation with [v]elsewhere.