维基百科

单倍群Q-M242

单倍群Q-M242 （英语：Haplogroup Q-M242）是人类Y染色体DNA单倍群之一，Q是单倍群P下游P1的一个分支（另一个分支是单倍群R）。

单倍群Q
起源时间1,7200-3,1700年前 [1][2][3] (大约2,4500年前)
共祖年代{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地中亚[4][5] 、西伯利亚[2]
上游单倍群P1-M45
下游单倍群Q1 (L232/S432)
对应突变M242 rs8179021
分布区域克季人 93.8%,[6]

土库曼人（卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦共和国、约穆特人 ）73%,[7] 塞尔库普人 66.4%.,[6]图瓦人 62.5%.,[8] 切尔干人 60.0%.,[9] 图巴拉尔人 41%,[9] 西伯利亚鞑靼人 38%,[10]

其他突厥人, 因纽特人, 美国原住民, 叶尼塞语系, 泰国的阿卡人, 孟高棉语族以及有些阿萨姆邦部落

美洲原住民、土库曼人、叶尼塞人、楚科奇人、堪察加人、图瓦人、达雅人、阿卡人等是世界上拥有最高单倍群Q频率的族群。单倍群Q在其他北亚人、西亚人、中亚人、东亚人、欧洲人等中也有少量分布。[11]

起源 编辑

单倍群Q-M242是单倍群P1-M45的分支之一（另一分支为R-M207）。目前的假说认为大约在17000至31700年前起源于西伯利亚中南部的阿尔泰地区[2]。

系统发生树 编辑

下面是2015年ISOGG树。

  • Q-M242 M242
    • Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1)
      • Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a)
        • Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1)
          • Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a)
            • Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1)
          • Q-M25 M25，M143 (Q1a1b)
            • Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1)
        • Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2)
          • Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a)
            • Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1)
              • Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a)
                • Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1)
                  • Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a)
                • Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2)
              • Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b)
              • Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c)
          • Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b)
          • Q-F1161 F1161
            • Q-L527 L527
      • Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q1b)
        • Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q1b1)
          • Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a)
            • Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1)
        • Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2, Q1b-L68)

子单倍群的分布 编辑

分布 编辑

美洲 编辑

前哥伦比亚时期的美洲土著人民拥有高频单倍群Q。这是因为迁徙新大陆模型：他们从远东穿过白令海峡移民到美洲。[2]

北美洲 编辑

北美46%的Q为Q-M3[44]

格陵兰：53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3)；而且考古家发现了一个4000年前的Saqqaq古人（Q1a-MEH2*）。他更接近远东的Koryak和楚科奇人。[45]

瑟莫苏克有最高的平均频率：82%。凯克卡塔有最低频率：30%。[46]

2010年，3.1%的美国男性为Q-M242。[47]

民族 美国人口百分比 † 单倍群Q频率
白人 63.7% Q-P36*0.6%, Q-M3 0.1%
西班牙裔美国人 16.3% Q-P36*3.8%, Q-M3 7.9%
黑人 12.6% Q-P36*(xM3) 0.2%
亚裔美国人 4.8% ~0%
美洲原住民 ‡ 0.9% Q-P36*31.2%和

, Q-M3 26.9%

来源 :[47]† 2010年美国人口普查[48]

‡大陆和阿拉斯卡，不包括太平洋岛屿

中南美洲 编辑

94%的中美洲和南美洲的原住民拥有单倍群Q。[49]具有Q-M242单倍群的人群建立了许多古老的美洲文化和文明，例如：

由于欧洲的入侵以及大屠杀，很多现代美洲人是麦士蒂索人或者混血的。但是与北美相比，单倍群Q在南美和中美更普遍。

国家分布：

亚洲 编辑

Q-M242起源于东亚。[2] 很多民族拥有这个单倍群：

北亚 编辑

西伯利亚、阿尔泰、贝加尔湖的民族Q-M242较多。[69]

  • 所有阿尔泰样本：24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25)；Q-M242、Q-M346、Q-M3
    • 切尔干人：60.0%(15/25：都是Q-M346)，
    • 图巴拉尔人：41%(11/27: 1 Q-M25，10 Q-M346)
    • Altaians-Kizhi：17% (20/120)
    • 阿尔泰人：4.2%（南），32.0%（北），63.6％（Kurmach-Baigol)；13.7% (20/146 )[9] 或25.8%[70]（全部）

东亚 编辑

中国[17][18]

  • 2011年，复旦大学：3.3% (12/361)。[76]
  • 2011年，Hua Zhong et al.：3.99%（34/853，包括30/853 Q-M120、3/853 Q-M346、1/853 Q-M25）。[77]

蒙古

朝鲜人：1.9%[84][85][86]

日本：0.3％[87][80][88][20][19] (静冈、埼玉县)

东南亚 编辑

东南亚（或东盟）：[66]

越南：7.1%[89][90]

缅甸：2.8% (3/106）[91]

中亚 编辑

西亚 编辑

伊朗：5.5% (52/938)[30]

其他研究结果得出的频率接近。[99][100][101]

其他西亚国家：

高加索：[100]

南亚 编辑

阿富汗人：6.9%；普什图人：8.4% (9/49: 8个Q*，1个Q-M346)[13]

巴基斯坦、伊朗高原的东部：2.2% (14/638)[108]~3.4% (6/176).[28]

印度人：2.38% (15/630)，各阶层（印度种姓制度）；有罕见的Q-MEH2[5]

孟加拉国：9.7% (23/237: 查克马 13/89, Marma 4/60, 特里普拉邦 6/88)；文章将Q-M242归为P*(x R1,R2).[111]

尼泊尔的加德满都：1.2% Q-M242[24]

斯里兰卡：3.3% Q-M242[89]

欧洲 编辑

东欧 编辑

中欧、东欧、俄罗斯：1.7%男性为Q-M242

北欧 编辑

北欧：2.5%男性。

西欧 编辑

南欧 编辑

阿什肯纳兹犹太人：5.2% (23/441) Q-P36[40]

塞法迪犹太人：2.3% (4/174)[138]~5.6% (3/53)[139]

也许由可萨人征服欧洲带来。

非洲 编辑

埃及人：0.7% (1/147),[33]

阿尔及利亚：0.6% (1/156)[100]

科摩罗、东非、马达加斯加：0.8% (3/381，都是Q-M346，也许因为南岛语系从中国移民到东非；或明朝的郑和)

世界上大约3.1%的男性为Q-M242。

古代考古遗址 编辑

参见 编辑

Subclades 编辑

单倍群进化树 编辑

人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群进化树

Y染色体最近共同祖先
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

各族群Y染色体单倍型类群 · 著名的Y染色体单倍型类群人

阅读 编辑

外部链接 编辑

参考文献 编辑

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  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 Bortolini, M; Salzano, F; Thomas, M; Stuart, S; Nasanen, S; Bau, C; Hutz, M; Layrisse, Z; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003, 73 (3): 524–39. PMC 1180678  . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. 
  50. ^ Vullo, Carlos; et al. Association between Y haplogroups and autosomal AIMs reveals intra-population substructure in Bolivian populations. Int J Legal Med. 2014, 129 (4): 673–680. PMID 24878616. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1025-x. 
  51. ^ Söchtig, Jens; et al. Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the 'Ladinos' from Guatemala. BMC Genomics. 2015, 16: 131. PMC 4422311  . PMID 25887241. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1339-1.  => Guatemala population consists of about 40% Natives (Mayans)+60% Ladinos. According to this paper, 89% of Mayan and 25% of Ladinos belong to Y-DNA Q. Thus, 40*0.89+60*0.25=50.6%
  52. ^ Gaviria, A.; et al. Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y-STR loci in Ecuadorian population. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. 2013, 4 (1): e310–e311. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.158. 
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Battaglia; et al. The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (8): e71390. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871390B. PMC 3749222  . PMID 23990949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071390. 
  54. ^ Martínez-Cortés, G; et al. Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages. J. Hum. Genet. 2012, 57 (9): 568–74. PMID 22832385. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.67. 
  55. ^ Lovo-Gómez, J; et al. The genetic male legacy from El Salvador. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007-09, 171 (2–3): 198–203. PMID 16916590. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.005. 
  56. ^ Grugni. Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (12): e0144223. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044223G. PMC 4670172  . PMID 26636572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223. 
  57. ^ Rojas, Win; et al. Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2010, 143 (1): 13–20. PMID 20734436. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. => (DANE, 2006) 86% of the whole Colombian population self-reported as of Mixed Ancestary, 3.4% as Native American, 10.5% as African-Columbian. In this paper, 12% (114/954) of MA, 95.7% (135/141) of NA, and 23.8% (5/21) of AC are turned out to be Y-DNA Q. Thus, 86*0.12+3.4*0.957+10.5*0.238=16.1%
  58. ^ Núñez, Carolina; et al. Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in a Mestizo population of Nicaragua. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2012, 6 (6): e192–e195. PMID 22770600. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.011.  The author revised his previous paper, genotyping 2 more samples as haplogroup Q by Y-SNP test.
  59. ^ Corach, Daniel; et al. Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA. Annals of Human Genetics. 2010, 74 (1): 65–76. PMID 20059473. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. 
  60. ^ Ramallo; et al. Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina. Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series. 2009-12, 2 (1): 431–432. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.047. 
  61. ^ http://www.fsigeneticssup.com/article/S1875-1768[永久失效链接] (08)00138-8/fulltext(To read this document, allow cookies on your internet option), 5 out of 100 samples in the Y-STR table can be classified as haplogroup Q-M3.
  62. ^ Palha, T.; et al. Disclosing the Genetic Structure of Brazil through Analysis of Male Lineages with Highly Discriminating Haplotypes. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e40007. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740007P. PMC 3393733  . PMID 22808085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040007. => about 80 out of 2,024 (3.95%) samples in the paper collected from all the regions of Brazil can be classified as Y-DNA Q.
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 Jeffrey, T.; et al. The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002-01, 70 (1): 192–206. PMC 384887  . PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457.  The SNPs used in the paper are P-M45, R1a1-M17, Q1a2-M3, and other xP-M45 SNPs. And the author mentions that, among ethnic groups in the paper, R1-M173 is harbored only in some eastern Siberian Udegeys and Koryaks and Native Americans. Also, R2 (distributed in India and its neighbours) cannot be found in far east Siberia. Thus, P-M45 except some samples mentioned above virtually means Q-M242 (xM3). In the paper, 35.3% of Nivkhs and 20.8% of Chukchi people and 18.2% of Siberian Eskimos are shown in P-M45, and 12.5% of Chukchis and 21.2% of Siberian Eskimos are in Q-M3. All of them can be estimated to be in haplogroup Q.
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al’Bina P.; Protod’Jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics. 2006, 120 (3): 334–353. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. 
  65. ^ Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676  . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. 
  67. ^ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Trejaut, J.A. Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia. BMC Genetics. 2014, 15: 77. PMC 4083334  . PMID 24965575. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77. 
  68. ^ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 Cristofaro; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995  . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. 
  69. ^ Dulik, M C. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaian. Am J Hum Genet. 2012-02, 90 (2): 229–246. PMC 3276666  . PMID 22281367. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014. 
  70. ^ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Malyarchuk, Boris; et al. Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a. Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 56 (8): 583–588. PMID 21677663. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.64. 
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  78. ^ Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)
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  81. ^ LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
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  83. ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, et al. (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." Am J Hum Biol. 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23194.
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  86. ^ The frequencies of Q-M242 shown in both studies (Kim2010, Park2012) are 1.4% (7/506, Kim) and 1.8% (13/706, Park) respectively. But, if recalculated by regional population weights, the adjusted frequencies reach 1.87% (Kim) and 1.91% (Park) respectively, converging to 1.9%.
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  94. ^ E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
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  97. ^ Malyarchuk, B; et al. Y-chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2013-01, 40 (1): 48–54. PMID 23198991. doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.747628. 
  98. ^ Karafet; et al. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. Am J Hum Genet. 2001-09, 69 (3): 615–628. PMC 1235490  . PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299. 
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  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Bekada, Asmahan; et al. Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (2): e56775. PMC 3576335  . PMID 23431392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. 
  101. ^ The frequency of Q is 4% (6/150, all Q-M25) in Regueiro 2006, in which it is 9.1% (3/33) in north Iran and 2.6% (3/117) in south Iran. But, since more people live in the northern regions, if recalculated by population weights, the frequency will reach about 6%. It is also 6.2% (35/566) in Bekada 2013 with a large-scale sampling.
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  103. ^ According to scholars, early Sumerians called themselves 'black-headed people', and spoke an agglutinative language with the word order of SOV, which was quite different from common Semitic or Indo-European languages. Among Semitic languages, only Akkadian had SOV word order, which is due to the influence of the Sumerian language.(For more information, see Sumer, Sumerian Language, Akkadian language, and so on.) On the other hand, surprisingly, some ancient writings found in Bolivia such as Pokotia Monolith, have been interpreted with the Proto-Sumerian language. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/biados/texts/WintersPokotia.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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  107. ^ To aggregate the results of Haber 2012 and Cristofaro 2013, the frequency of each ethnic group is 33.3% (25/75) in Turkmens, followed by 8.1% (11/136) in Pashtuns, 7.6% in Uzbeks (11/144), 4.4% in Hazara, 3.0% in Tajiks. Currently, Afghans consist of Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Turkmen 3%, others 10%. Thus, if recalculated by population weights of ethnic groups, the frequency of Q in Afghans will be 6.3%.
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