讨论:中国发明

Untitled

看了英文页面再来看这个页面，觉得很汗！—以上未签名的留言由Leaflucy（对话｜贡献）于2008-12-28T16:51:18加入。

列表的排序问题

本条目似乎翻译自英文版，但是条目内容应该重新整理，用英文名首字母排序对中文用户很不方便 ——Albus Ecneics (自由言论) 2010年3月21日 (日) 05:25 (UTC)

先等我翻完吧。排版是小事，还有其他只能绕过的技术问题。--Zanhsieh (留言) 2010年3月30日 (二) 04:20 (UTC)

四大发明

本条目中关于四大发明的内容比四大发明条目还详细，建议将主要内容合并到四大发明，让本条目更符合维基百科:摘要格式——Albus Ecneics (自由言论) 2010年3月21日 (日) 05:34 (UTC)

(＋)支持，不过还是请留下部分叙述供参考。—安可(居住地：酒馆-职业：诗与歌之演者) ~更新日期： 2010年7月14日 (三) 14:44 (UTC)

(＋)支持，应该留下部分叙述如英文维基百科。Srzh2 (留言) 2010年10月27日 (三) 11:43 (UTC)

部分遗漏项目

• （已翻译）Tuned bells: The earliest complete set of tuned bells, sixteen in all, were found in Tomb 8 of Marquis Su of Jin at Qucun, southern Shanxi. A 355-character inscription on all sixteen bells collectively describes Marquis Su's participation in a military campaign led by the Zhou king. The tomb has been dated by AMS radiocarbon techniques to 815–786 BC. Tuned bells which could produce two precise musical pitches (if struck at the center or struck on one side near the edge) existed in China during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). Of the sixty-four bronze bells found in the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng interred by 433 BC, forty-seven of them produce two notes with minor third intervals while sixteen produce two notes with major third intervals. Metal bells in China had their origins in metal grain scoops and measures; after the 6th century BC, the entire ancient Chinese system of measurement in standard length, width, weight, and volume was based on musical pitches of the tuned zhong vessel weighing 120 catties, as described in the Guoyu. A 2.1 m (7 ft) long stringed tuner known as a jun was used to gauge the standard measure of length of the metal zhong. Bells in ancient China served essentially as tuning forks in a standard set of twelve bells (one for each note), which were eventually replaced by twelve pitch pipes (easier to manufacture). In order to craft properly-tuned bells, a set of conditions had to be met: specific proportions of different metals in the alloy; elasticity and thickness of material; the specific gravity; diameters at different points; the contours of the bells' curves; the temperature reached in casting the bell and the cooling rate, etc.
• （已翻译）Cardinal direction, use of colors for: In ancient China, the use of five different soil colors corresponding to the four cardinal directions were used in construction of altars and mounds. The earliest archaeologial evidence of such example comes from a Spring and Autumn Period (722–481 BC) burial site located at Shuangdun, Anhui. The mentions of the "five colors" are recorded in the Shujing and Zuozhuan, while the earliest information on correlative colors associated with each four cardinal directions and center; east (blue), south (red), west (white), north (black) and center (yellow), comes from the Kaogongji, an independent work complied in the Warring States Period (403–221 BC) before being attached to the Rites of Zhou in place of the original missing section "Winter Office" (lost in its entirety) by the mid 2nd century BC.
• 卡瓦列里原理/祖暅原理：本数学原理，描述了所有等高处横截面积相等的两个同高立体，其体积也必然相等。在西方该原理是以意大利数学家博纳文图拉·卡瓦列里（1598-1647年）之名所命名，但它最早于汉朝（前202-后220年）《九章算术》（最晚于179年成书）一书所描述，并由魏朝（220-265年）数学家刘徽所评注。
• Chinese remainder theorem: The Chinese remainder theorem, including simultaneous congruences in number theory, was first created by the mathematician Sunzi in the 3rd century AD, whose Mathematical Classic by Sun Zi (孙子算经, Sunzi suanjing) posed the problem: "There is an unknown number of things, when divided by 3 it leaves 2, when divided by 5 it leaves 3, and when divided by 7 it leaves a remainder of 2. Find the number." This method of calculation was used in calendrical mathematics by Tang Dynasty (618–907) mathematicians such as Li Chunfeng (602–670) and Yi Xing (683–727) in order to determine the length of the "Great Epoch", the lapse of time between the conjunctions of the moon, sun, and Five Planets (those discerned by the naked eye). Thus, it was strongly associated with the divination methods of the ancient Yijing. Its use was lost for centuries until Qin Jiushao (c. 1202–1261) revived it in his Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections of 1247, providing constructive proof for it.
• （已翻译）Coin, knife and spade-shaped: Robert S. Wicks states that the cowry shell was used as a primitive form of currency during the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1050 BC). During the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC) the use of bronze coins in various shapes and sizes, such as circular coins with either a rounded or square hole in the center (to fit a string through), came into general use. The knife-shaped and spade-shaped coins, styles unique to China, also came into use during the Zhou period; as proven by archaeological excavations, these coin were common in the State of Yan, State of Qi, State of Zhao, State of Han, State of Chu, State of Liang, and State of Qin, with dates ranging from the Spring and Autumn Period (722–481 BC) to the Warring States Period (403–221 BC). The historian Sima Qian (145–86 BC) in his Records of the Grand Historian (91 BC) wrote that in ancient times, tortoise shells, cowry shells, knives, and gold were used as forms of currency.
• Decimal fractions: As proven by inscriptions from the 13th century BC, the decimal system existed in China since the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1050 BC). The earliest evidence of a decimal fraction, where the fraction's denominator is a power of ten, appears on an inscription of a standard measure of volume used by the mathematician and astronomer Liu Xin (c. 46 BC–23 AD), dated precisely 5 AD. The first significant piece of Chinese literature to feature decimal fractions was the The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. This text was first mentioned in 179 AD, although Liu Hui (fl. 3rd century AD) asserts that some of its material predates the infamous Qin book burning in 213 BC (i.e. older than the oldest surviving Chinese mathematical treatise, the Book on Numbers and Computation, 202–186 BC). Liu Hui used decimal fractions with measurements and as solutions to equations. At first decimal fractions were written in word form, since it was Han Yan (fl. late 8th century) of the Tang Dynasty (607–907) who first used modern decimal notation to write out decimal fractions. Decimal fractions were vital to the work of Song (960–1279) mathematicians such as Yang Hui (1238–1298) and Qin Jiushao (c. 1201–1261). Jamshīd al-Kāshī (1380–1429), director of the astronomical observatory at Samarkand, adopted the use of decimal fractions; they were first mentioned in Europe by Christoff Rudolff of Augsburg in his Exempel-Buechlin of 1530, yet not given serious attention until the 1585 work of the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin (1548–1620).
• 八股文：八股文是过去有志考入朝廷参政之科举应试书生必须熟练的一种文体。而八股文其名得自其分成八部分的架构：破题、承题、起讲、起股、中股、后股、束股、以及大结。它最早是由北宋（960-1279年）宰相王安石（1021-1086年）变法时启用，并沿用至明（1368-1644年）、清（1644-1912年）两代。在科举考试中，每名应考人需为《四书》（依朱熹集注）写三篇、依《五经》古体写四篇八股文。
• （不译，已经由台湾大学教授证明是李约瑟本人误判）Endocrinology, isolation of sex and pituitary hormones from urine: A group of leading scholars under Liu An (179–122 BC), a King of Huainan during the Western Han (202 BC–9 AD), compiled the Huainanzi by 139 BC, which coined the phrase 'autumn minerals' for crystals similar to hoar-frost of autumn and that had "white color and solidity." In 25 BC, the minister Gu Yong gave a speech to the court railing against magicians, Daoists, and alchemists, saying of Daoists: "from dark and muddy [that is, concentrated] urine they can make a hard white ice-like [crystalline] substance." The Tang Dynasty (618–907) poet Bai Juyi (722–846) mentioned that his poet friend Yuan Zhen (779–831) had prepared the 'autumn mineral' drug for his illness. The first explicit recipe for making the 'autumn mineral' is found in Song Dynasty (960–1279) author Zhang Shengdao's Valuable Tried and Tested Prescriptions of 1025, with ten other recipes found in thirty-nine other books between then and 1833. The oldest recipe mentioned called for 568 liters (150 gallons) of male urine to be placed in a giant evaporating pan with an earthenware still mounted on the top. After heating, a dry, powdered residue could be obtained, which was then heated over a stove of charcoal to achieve sublimation; the product of this, only 85 g (3 oz), was ground into a powder, mixed with the skin of palm dates, and made into pills the size of mung beans. Another process published in 1110 specified the use of gypsum (containing calcium sulfate) as well as saponin from the beans of Gleditschia sinensis to extract hormones from urine, a process of using natural soaps which was not discovered elsewhere until the use of digitonin by Adolf Windaus (1876–1959) in 1909. In 1927, Selmar Ascheim (1878–1965) and Bernhard Zondek (1891–1966) discovered that urine of pregnant women had a high concentration of steriod sex hormones; a subsequent discovery was made that urine contained sex hormones of androgens and estrogens, as well as the pituitary hormone gonadotrophin. In modern medicine, the extraction of these hormones from urine is a standard practice, yet centuries before this the Chinese had used it to treat hypogonadism, impotence, spermatorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leukorrhea, and even stimulating the growth of beards (since they knew that castration resulted in the loss of ability to grow a beard).
• Equal temperament: During the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), the music theorist and mathematician Jing Fang (78–37 BC) extended the 12 tones found in the 2nd century BC Huainanzi to 60. While generating his 60-divisional tuning, he discovered that 53 just fifths is approximate to 31 octaves, calculating the difference at ${\tfrac {177147}{176776}}$; this was the exact same value for 53 equal temperament calculated by the German mathematician Nicholas Mercator (c. 1620–1687) as 3⁵³/2⁸⁴, a value known as Mercator's Comma. The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) music theorist Zhu Zaiyu (1536–1611) elaborated in three separate works beginning in 1584 the tuning system of equal temperament; in an unusual event in music theory's history, the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin (1548–1620) discovered the mathematical formula for equal temperament at roughly the same time (within 1 to 25 years of Zhu), yet he did not publish his work and it remained unknown until 1884; therefore, it is debatable who discovered equal temperament first, Zhu or Stevin. In order to obtain equal intervals, Zhu divided the octave (each octave with a ratio of 1:2, which can also be expressed as 1:2^12/12) into twelve equal semitones while each length was divided by the 12th root of 2. He did not simply divide the string into twelve equal parts (i.e. 11/12, 10/12, 9/12, etc.) since this would give unequal temperament; instead, he altered the ratio of each semitone by an equal amount (i.e. 1:2 ^11/12, 1:2^10/12, 1:2^9/12, etc.) and determined the exact length of the string by dividing it by ¹²√2 (same as 2^1/12). The Harmonie Universelle (1636) written by Marin Mersenne (1588–1648) was the first publication in Europe outlining equal temperament, a new system of tuning that was passionately defended by J.S. Bach (1685–1750) in his Well-Tempered Clavier of 1722.
• Flare, military signalling: The earliest recorded use of a flare for signalling purposes was the 'signal bomb' used by the Song Dynasty (960–1279) Chinese as the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) besieged Yangzhou in 1276. These soft-shelled bombs, timed to explode in mid-air and perhaps producing a vibrant colored burst like contemporary Chinese fireworks produced, were used to send messages to a detachment of troops far in the distance.
• Gaussian elimination: First published in the West by Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) in 1826, the algorithm for solving linear equations known as Gaussian elimination is named after this Hanoverian mathematician, yet it was first expressed as the Array Rule in the Chinese Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, written at least by 179 AD during the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) and commented on by the 3rd century mathematician Liu Hui.
• Horner scheme: Although named after English mathematician William George Horner (1786–1837), the Horner scheme, an algorithm used to estimate the root of an equation and evaluate polynomials in monomial form, was actually first invented in China to find the cube root of the number 1,860,867 (the answer given being 123). This is found in the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) work The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, commmented on by Liu Hui (fl. 3rd century) in 263 AD. The original Nine Chapters found the root of equations through continued fractions, just like the later Italian mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813), while Liu Hui achieved this by increasing decimals, just like William George Horner in his work of 1819.
• （已翻译）Map, economic: A set of seven geographical maps from the State of Qin, dated to the 4th century BC during the Warring States Period (403–221 BC), display a region centered around the Jialing River. Mei-ling Hsu writes that since two of these maps feature labeled sites where timber was gathered and the measured distances between these timber sites, they can be viewed as economic maps. These predate the economic maps of the Roman geographer Strabo (c. 64 BC–c. 24 AD).
• 最早印刷地图：一如在中国考古发掘所证明，已知最早的中国地图是在前四世纪，由秦朝制图家所绘，然而中国最早印刷地图，要一直到宋朝（960-1279年）才出现。该《十五国风地理之图》由博物学家杨甲所编，收录于1155年成书的《六经图》中。
• （已翻译）Military strategy treatise: The earliest known book on military strategy, The Art of War, was written by Sun Wu (c. 544–496 BC), better known as Sunzi ("Master Sun"), during the 6th century BC. The earliest known reference to Sunzi was in the 2nd century BC text of the Huainanzi (compiled no later than 122 BC), while a biography of Sunzi was featured in Sima Qian's (c. 145–86 BC) Records of the Grand Historian compiled from 109 to 91 BC. The oldest known copy of Sunzi's Art of War (on bamboo strips) was found in a 1972 archaeological excavation at Mount Yinque (near Linyi, Shandong) of a Western Han (202 BC–9 AD) tomb dated c. 140–118 BC. The oldest version of another famous Art of War by Sunzi's descendant Sun Bin (d. 316 BC) was also found in the same tomb.

• Pagoda, hybrid of the stupa and que tower: The pagoda, a Buddhist monument where sacred relics are housed, was first developed in ancient India as a dome-like structure with a circular base commonly referred to as the stupa. After Buddhism spread to China during the Eastern Han (25–220 AD) period, the Chinese adopted this idea of a religious structure to house sacred Buddhist relics, yet they sinicized its design by fusing it with the design of the square-based que tower, a common building type in traditional Chinese architecture. The unique Chinese pagoda thus became a multi-storied tower rather than an elongated dome-like structure as seen in the original stupa.
• Pi calculated as ${\tfrac {355}{113}}$: The ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians, and Greeks had long made approximations for π by the time the Chinese mathematician and astronomer Liu Xin (c. 46 BC–23 AD) improved the old Chinese approximation of simply 3 as π to 3.1547 as π (with evidence on vessels dating to the Wang Mang reign period, 9–23 AD, of other approximations of 3.1590, 3.1497, and 3.1679). Next, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) made two approximations for π, by proportioning the celestial circle to the diameter of the earth as ${\tfrac {736}{232}}$ = 3.1724 and using (after a long algorithm) the square root of 10, or 3.162. In his commentary on the Han Dynasty mathematical work The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, Liu Hui (fl. 3rd century) used various algorithms to render multiple approximations for pi at 3.142704, 3.1428, and 3.14159. Finally, the mathematician and astronomer Zu Chongzhi (429–500) approximated pi to an even greater degree of accuracy, rendering it ${\tfrac {355}{113}}$, a value known in Chinese as Milü ("detailed ratio"). This was the best rational approximation for pi with a denominator of up to four digits; the next rational number is ${\tfrac {52163}{16604}}$, which is the best rational approximation. Zu ultimately determined the value for π to be between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. Zu's approximation was the most accurate in the world, and would not be achieved elsewhere for another millennium, until Madhava of Sangamagrama and Jamshīd al-Kāshī in the early 15th century.

• Rudder, stern-mounted and vertical axial: Lawrence V. Mott, who defines a steering oar as a rudder, states the ancient Egyptian use of stern-mounted rudders can be traced back to the 6th dynasty (2350-2200 BC). Mott states that the method of attachment for rudders in the Arab, Chinese, and European worlds differed from each other, leading him to doubt the spread of the Chinese system of attachment by socket-and-jaws or block and tackle (versus European pintle-and-gudgeon invented by c. 1180 AD). In regards to Mott's definition of a steering oar as a rudder, Joseph Needham, Richard Lefebvre des Noëttes, K.S. Tom, Chung Chee Kit, S.A.M. Adshead, Paul Johnstone and Sean McGrail state that a steering oar is not a rudder; the steering oar has the capacity to interfere with handling of the sails (limiting any potential for long ocean-going voyages) while it was fit more for small vessels on narrow, rapid-water transport; the rudder did not disturb the handling of the sails, took less energy to operate by its helmsman, was better fit for larger vessels on ocean-going travel, and first appeared in China. Leo Block writes of the use of the steering oar in the ancient Mediterranean world (specifically in regards to the Phoenicians, 1550–300 BC): "A single sail tends to turn a vessel in an upwind or downwind direction, and rudder action is required to steer a straight course. A steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented. With a single sail, a frequent movement of the steering oar was required to steer a straight course; this slowed down the vessel because a steering oar (or rudder) course correction acts like a break." The oldest depicted rudders at the back of a ship, without the use of oars or a steering oar, comes from several ceramic models of Chinese ships made during both the Western and Eastern eras of the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD). According to the scholars Zhang Zunyan and Vassilios Christides, there is literary evidence to suggest that the axial stern rudder existed in China since the 1st century BC, while Gang Deng asserts the first reference was made in the Huainanzi of the 2nd century BC, and K.S. Tom says the first clear reference dates to the 5th century AD. However, K.S. Tom points to the fact that all Chinese pottery models of ships before this Guangzhou tomb model show steering oars instead of a rudder, which he states is strong evidence for the rudder's invention only by the 1st century AD. Jacques Gernet states that while the Chinese had invented the rudder in the 1st century AD, it was not completely fixed to the sternpost of Chinese ships until the end of the 4th century. The bulkhead ship design of the junk, which appeared roughly the same time as the rudder, provided the essential vertical components for the hinged axial rudder. Deng points out that an Eastern Han (25–220) model distinctly shows a rudder located in its own separate cabin, suggesting that helmsmanship had already become an established profession. Following the invention of the balanced rudder pivoted on an axis, Tom and Deng state that the Chinese then innovated the fenestrated rudder by the Song Dynasty (960–1279), with deliberate puncturing and boring out of holes in shapes such as diamonds, which, according to Tom, made the rudder "easier to steer, reduced turbulence drag, did not affect efficiency and was hydrodynamically sound."
• （已翻译）Star catalogue: China's earliest known astronomers were Gan De of the Qi State and Shi Shen of the Wei State, who created the earliest known star catalogues during the 4th century BC, roughly two centuries before the star catalogue of the Greek astronomer and mathematician Hipparchus (c. 190–c. 120 BC). The star catalogue became a permanent feature of Chinese astronomy and some were quite large, such as the star catalogue of astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139) who catalogued 2,500 stars, placing them in a 'brightly shining' category, and recognized 124 constellations.
• 最古老的印刷星图:虽然身兼天文学家、朝廷官员、工程师于一身的苏颂（1020-1011年）所制星图在世界上肯定不是最古老的，然而它却是世上最早、付诸刊印的星图。其星图（浑象紫微垣星图、浑象东北方中外官星图、浑象西南方中外官星图、浑象北极星图、浑象南极星图……等14幅）与其钟表报时的研究一并收录在其著作《新仪象法要》中。该书于1092年完稿，于1094年刊印，并在后来12、17、以及19世纪皆有增补修订。苏颂星图亦采用了与其同时代的沈括（1031-1095年）科研成果，将北极星位置修正3度（即介于-350度和勾陈一之间)。
• Steel made from cast iron through oxygenation: The Chinese, who had been producing cast iron from the late Spring and Autumn Period (722–481 BC), produced steel by the 2nd century BC through a process of decarburization, i.e. using bellows to pump large amounts of oxygen on to molten cast iron. This was first described in the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) book Huainanzi, compiled by scholars under Prince Liu An (179–122 BC). The Chinese called this technique "the hundred refinings method," since the process was repeated over and over to incrementally strengthen the steel. The back of swords were often made of more elastic wrought iron while the cutting edge of the blade itself was made of strong steel. For steel, they used both quenching (i.e. rapid cooling) and tempering (i.e. slow cooling) methods of heat treatment. Much later, the American inventor William Kelly (1811–1888) brought four Chinese metallurgists to Eddyville, Kentucky in 1845, whose expertise in steelmaking influenced his ideas about air injection to reduce carbon content of iron; his invention anticipated the Bessemer process of Henry Bessemer (1813–1898).
• Stirrup: There are authors who point out that it is unclear whether the stirrup was invented by northern nomads or the sedentary Chinese. Liu Han (1961) credited the invention of the stirrup to nomadic invaders of northern China. Archaeologial evidence shows that horse riders in India had a small loop for a single toe to be inserted by roughly the 1st century AD. However, the first true depiction of the stirrup is featured on a Jin Dynasty (265–420) Chinese tomb figurine dated 302 AD, yet this was a single stirrup and was perhaps used only for initially mounting the horse. It should be noted that the latter was found in Changsha, Hunan, far from the northern border. The first validated depiction of a rider with a pair of saddle stirrups for both feet comes from a Jin Chinese tomb figurine dated 322. The first actual specimens of stirrups comes from a Chinese tomb in southern Manchuria that is dated 415. The stirrup was not widely used by Chinese cavalry until the 5th century. By the 6th century, the use of the stirrup had spread as far west as the Byzantine Empire, where both the stirrup and Celtic horseshoe were adopted.
• （崔知悌著述需考证）以甲状腺激素来治疗甲状腺肿：在公元前239年的《吕氏春秋》中提到，远离海岸的淡水地方，秃头与甲状腺肿的人较多。后来直到1860年，卡斯柏·阿道夫·夏丁（Gaspard Adolphe Chatin，1813-1901年）才将甲状腺肿与土壤食水中缺碘建立起关系。碘于1896年由尤金·鲍曼（Eugen Baumann）在甲状腺里发现，在当时1890年代甲状腺萃取物被用于治疗患者。而远在此之前，唐朝（618年-907年）名医甄权（殁于643年）所著《古今录验方》中即给出自阉公羊取得甲状腺以治疗甲状腺肿大患者;而甲状腺贺尔蒙可以以药丸（药丸载体以压碎枣仁制成）或整个甲状腺去除脂肪吞服。另一剂王焘提供的处方是利用风干的甲状腺磨成粉并佐酒吞服。与同时代的名医崔知悌（全盛时期650年）在其文献中分开辨识了骨瘤－是种无法治愈、触手坚硬的肿胀物－以及真正的甲状腺肿－依其描述是种位于颈部可治愈、可移动的肿胀物。古人亦采用了来自猪、水牛、以及梅花鹿的甲状腺并成功治愈了甲状腺肿。而根据《神龙本草经》所述，古人自公元前1世纪（葛洪，284-364年，大约在340年亦建议使用一味来自马尾藻类海草的药方）便利用富含碘的海藻以治疗甲状腺肿，而在西方，同样的处方来自不知名人士在民间流传，一直到意大利巴勒莫的罗杰留斯（Rogerius）于其1180年所著《手术实践》（Practica Chirurgiae）中收录才见天日。
• （14世纪之后叙述，待见原书考证）厕纸：厕纸最早是在589年隋朝（581-618年）时期官员颜之推（531-591年）所提及，并在后来的朝代里有着持续使用的充分证据。在851年唐朝（618-907）年间，一位来自中东的大食回教旅人评注道，当时的中国人不爱干净，在上厕所时使用纸张而非清水来清洁自己。到了14世纪元朝（1271-1368）中叶，文献指出单在江淮，每年就生产高达上亿包的厕纸，而每包数量数千张到上万张。明朝（1368-1644）刘若愚所著文献《酌中志》亦指出，皇帝已在使用薰过香的厕纸。
• Tomb, structural design imitating real life residences: The ancient Chinese built imperial tombs which by structural design imitated the actual living spaces and residences of the deceased tomb occupants when they were alive, a representation of their earthly life which would continue to serve them in the afterlife. For example, Fu Xinian writes that the tomb of Tang Dynasty (618–907) crown prince Li Chongrun (682–701) at the Qianling Mausoleum had a specific number and layout of "underground chambers, ventilation shafts, compartments, and air wells" which would have corresponded to the exact number and layout of "courtyards, main halls, rooms, and corridors" of his real palatial residence at Chang'an.
• （已翻译）Traction trebuchet catapult: The earliest type of trebuchet catapult was the traction trebuchet, developed first in China by the 5th or 4th century BC, the beginning of the Warring States Period (403–221 BC); to operate the trebuchet, a team of men pulled on ropes attached to the butt of the shorter segment of a long wooden beam separated by a rotating axle fixed to a base framework, allowing the longer segment of the beam to lunge forward and use its sling to hurl a missile; by the 9th century a hybrid of the traction and counterweight trebuchet, employing manpower and a pivoting weight, was used in the Middle East, Mediterranean Basin, and Northern Europe; by the 12th century, the full fledged counterweight trebuchet was developed under the Ayyubid dynasty of Islamic Syria and Egypt (described by Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi) and used in the Third Crusade; by the 13th century, the counterweight trebuchet found its way into Song Dynasty (960–1279) China via the Mongol invaders under Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) who used it in the Siege of Xiangyang (1267–1273).
• Trip hammer: The ancient Chinese used pestle and mortar to pound and decorticate grain, which was superseded by the treadle-operated tilt hammer (employing a simple lever and fulcrum) perhaps during the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BC) but first described in a Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) dictionary of 40 BC and soon after by Yang Xiong (53 BC–18 AD) in his Fangyan dictionary written in 15 BC; the next stage in this evolution of grain-pounding devices was to apply hydraulic power, which the author Huan Tan (43 BC–28 AD) mentioned in his Xinlun of 20 AD, although he also described trip hammers powered by the labor of horses, oxen, donkeys, and mules. After Huan Tan's book was written, numerous references to trip hammers powered by waterwheels were made in subsequent Chinese dynasties and in Medieval Europe by the 12th century. However, trip hammers were also attested by both literary (Pliny, Natural History 18.97) and archaeological evidence in fairly widespread use in the Roman Empire by the 1st century AD.

• 可折叠伞：虽然形似太阳的遮阳伞在古巴比伦、希腊和罗马普遍存在，不过史上第一个有关于带机械滑杆、可折叠伞的书面证据，可追溯到国祚不长的新朝（9-23年），当时王莽（约9-23年）在21年时要求匠人将之安装在仪式用四轮马车上。汉朝（前202-220年）学者服虔于2世纪时注释道可折叠的伞备有可蜷曲的关节，供其延展或缩回。实际上王莽时期（或稍晚时期）可折叠雨伞残骸已于考古挖掘汉代乐浪郡（位于今北朝鲜）王光墓时出土。然而，有强烈的证据支持可折叠伞早在前6世纪周朝（前1122-256）时期就已出现，一如考古发掘出土，可追溯到那时的洛阳青铜制带沟槽、滑座、插销的复杂枢纽所建议。到了魏朝（220-265年），常见伞面已由丝绸制变换到桑树皮厚油纸制，虽然当时仍能找到丝绸制伞。

“中国发明与发现列表”

是否有必要把维基英文的List of Chinese discoveries结合到这里，或另创条目？Srzh2 (留言) 2010年11月5日 (五) 06:56 (UTC)

个人是认为另创条目为妥--Zanhsieh (留言) 2010年11月5日 (五) 14:13 (UTC)

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