說明:阿勒曼尼語國際音標

下列圖表展示了國際音標(IPA)在維基百科條目中表示各阿勒曼尼語士瓦本方言低地阿勒曼尼語高地阿勒曼尼語至高阿勒曼尼語)發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南,請參見{{IPA-gsw}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes

註:

  • 沒有一種阿勒曼尼語方言用到本指南中的所有音。
  • 每個例詞都有其來源的方言名稱的標籤。
  • 大部分例句來自蘇黎世方言英語Zürich German
  • 大多數阿勒曼尼亞方言不常被書寫,因此沒有正式的拼寫。為了保持一致性,本指南使用由Dieth & Schmid-Cadalbert (1986)[1]提出的瑞士德語拼寫慣例。

請參閱伯恩德語音系英語Bernese German phonology以了解更多關於阿勒曼尼語方言之一的發音。

輔音
IPA 示例 英語及其他語言裡的相同或近似發音
Huube [ˈhuːb̥ə] '女帽' (蘇黎世,ZH)[2] bare
ç Kicha [ˈkʰɪçɐ] '廚房' (上士瓦本) hew[3]
Lade [ˈlɒd̥ə] '商店' (ZH)[2] dart
f offe [ˈofə] '打開' (瓦萊,VS) foot
offe [ˈofːə] '打開' (伯恩,BE) staff function
ɡ̊ haage [ˈhɒːɡ̊ə] '用柵柵圍' (ZH)[2] go
ɣ̊ mache [ˈmɒɣ̊ə] '做' (ZH)[2][4] 蘇格蘭英語 loch
ʁ̥ mache [ˈmɒʁ̥ə] '做' (ZH)[2][4]
h Hand [hɒnd̥] '手' (ZH) hat
j Jaar [jɒːr] '年' (ZH) you
k Egge [ˈekə] '邊緣' (巴塞爾,BS) scan
Egge [ˈɛkːə] '邊緣' (BE) scan
Kind [kʰind̥] '孩子' (BS)[5] cone
kx hocke [ˈhokxə] '坐' (ZH)[4] 考克尼口音 cake
hocke [ˈhoqχə] '坐' (ZH)[4]
l maale [ˈmɒːlə] '畫' (ZH) lover
ller [ˈmylːər] '磨坊工人' (ZH) real life
ɫ lt [ˈʋæɫt] '世界' (薩嫩蘭) build
ɫː alli [ˈaɫːi] '全部' (薩嫩蘭) real life
m zaame [ˈtsɒːmə] '馴服' (ZH) mood
Hammer [ˈhamːər] '錘子' (BE) film-maker
n zaane [ˈtsɒːnə] '長牙齒' (ZH) noon
Sunne [ˈz̥ʊnːə] '太陽' (BE) cleanness
ŋ Zange [ˈtsɒŋə] '鉗子' (ZH) ring
ŋː Zange [ˈtsaŋːə] '鉗子' (BE) ring, but longer
p huupe [ˈhuːpə] '鳴響' (BS) span
öppe [ˈœpːə] '大約' (BE) span
Pack [pʰɒkx] '包裹' (ZH)[5] pole
pf Soipfe [ˈz̥oi̯pfə] '肥皂' (ZH) cupfull
r faare [ˈv̥ɒːrə] '駕駛' (ZH)[6] 美國英語 water
cheerren [ˈxeːrːən] '掃' (哈斯利谷)[6] 義大利語 burro
ʀ faare [ˈv̥ɒːʀə] '駕駛' (ZH)[6] 法語 frere 或 諾森布里亞粗喉音
ʁ faare [ˈv̥ɒːʁə] '駕駛' (ZH)[6]
ʁ̥ besser [ˈb̥esʁ̥] '更好' (BS)[6] 蘇格蘭英語 loch
ʕ ändard [ˈend̥aʕd̥] '改變' (SWG)[7] 標準英音 ahead,但咽部收緊
s hasse [ˈhɑsə] '憎恨' (VS) soon
hasse [ˈhasːə] '憎恨' (BE) class size
ʃ tüüsche [ˈtyːʃə] '交換' (VS) ship
ʃː Äsche [ˈæʃːə] '灰燼' (BE) cash shortage
t Latte [ˈlɑtə] '板條' (BS) stand
Latte [ˈlatːə] '板條' (BE) stand
Thee [tʰeː] '茶' (ZH)[5] too
ts butze [ˈb̥utsə] '擦' (ZH) cats
tsche [ˈtætʃə] '拍打' (ZH) chip
Ofe [ˈov̥ə] '爐子' (ZH)[2] foot
ʋ Wand [ʋɒnd̥] '牆' (ZH) winevine 之間
ʋː niww [niʋː] '新的' (Haslital) winevine 之間
w Giel [ɡ̊iə̯w] '男孩' (BE)[8] wine
Balle [ˈb̥awːə] '球' (BE)[9] 近似 bowwow
x Chatz [ˈxɑts] '貓' (錫默河谷)[4] 蘇格蘭英語 loch
lache [ˈlaxːə] '笑' (錫默河谷)[4] 蘇格蘭英語 loch, but longer
χ Chatz [ˈχɑts] '貓' (BE)[4] 蘇格蘭英語 loch
χː lache [ˈlaχːə] '笑' (BE)[4] 蘇格蘭英語 loch,但更長
Hase [ˈhɒz̥ə] '野兔' (ZH)[2] soon
ʒ̊ nuusche [ˈnuːʒ̊ə] '翻找' (ZH)[2] ship
元音
IPA 示例 英語及其他語言裡的相同或近似發音
a Affe [ˈafːə] '猿' (聖加侖,SG)[10] art
schlaaffe [ˈʒ̊laːfə] '睡覺' (SG)[10] father
ɑ Affe [ˈɑfːə] '猿' (BE)[10] art
ɑː schlaaffe [ˈʒ̊lɑːfə] '睡覺' (BE)[10] father
ɒ Mane [ˈmɒnə] '人' (ZH)[10] 標準英音 hot
ɒː maane [ˈmɒːnə] '提醒' (ZH)[10] 標準英音 nod
æ gäll [ɡ̊æl] '不是嗎?' (ZH) hat
æː gääl [ɡ̊æːl] '黃' (ZH) had
e Bett [ˈb̥et] '床' (ZH) 蘇格蘭英語 late
deene [ˈd̥eːnə] '伸展' (ZH) 蘇格蘭英語 day
ɛ Hèr [hɛr] '先生' (ZH) bet
ɛː hèèr [hɛːr] '來自' (ZH) bed
ə schwèche [ˈʒ̊ʋɛxə] '使變弱' (ZH)[11] about
i sibe [ˈz̥ib̥ə] '七' (ZH) leaf
siibe [ˈz̥iːb̥ə] '篩' (ZH) leave
ɪ Rìtter [ˈrɪtər] '騎士' (BE) kit
ɪː Rììs [rɪːz̥] '巨人' (BE) kid
ɔ Òfe [ˈɔv̥ə] '爐子' (BE) off
ɔː Gòòfe [ˈɡ̊ɔːv̥ə] '孩子' (BE) dog
o hole [ˈholə] '取' (ZH) 蘇格蘭英語 oak
hool [hoːl] '洞' (ZH) 蘇格蘭英語 stove
ø Böge [ˈb̥øɡ̊ə] '紙張' (ZH) 近似 nurse
œ Blö̀ff [b̥lœf] '嚇唬' (ZH)
øː Böögge [ˈb̥øːkə] '傻瓜' (ZH) 近似 fur
œː tö̀ö̀rfe [ˈtœːrfə] '被允許' (ZH)
u Bruch [b̥rux] '打破' (ZH) boot
Bruuch [b̥ruːɣ̊] '習慣' (ZH) food
ʉː Muus [mʉːs] '老鼠' (BS)[12] 現代標準英音 goose
ʊ Schùtt [ʒ̊ʊt] '殘骸' (BE) foot
ʊː Brùùch [b̥rʊːɣ̊] '打破' (BE) good
y Füli [ˈv̥yli] '鋼筆' (ZH) 近似 cute
ʏ hǜtt [hʏt] '今天' (BE)
Füüli [ˈv̥yːli] '懶惰' (ZH) 近似 feud
ʏː Tǜǜre [ˈtʏːrə] '門' (BE)
半元音
IPA 示例 英語近似發音
nia [nia̯] '永不' (SWG) 近似 ear
æ̯ niä [niæ̯] '永不' (UR)
ə̯ nie [niə̯] '永不' (ZH)
frei [v̥rei̯] '自由的' (ZH) day 中的似y尾音
Chüo [xyo̯] '奶牛' (VS) go 中的似w尾音
äu [æu̯] '也' (ZH)
vlöüge [ˈv̥lœy̑ɡ̊ə] '飛' (薩嫩蘭) 近似 go 中的似w尾音
超音段音位
IPA 示例 解釋
ˈ deene [ˈd̥eːnə] '伸展' (ZH) 主重音,如 deer /ˈdɪər/
ˌ Hèrdöpfel [ˈhɛrˌd̥øpfəl] '馬鈴薯' (ZH) 次重音,如 commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/

注釋

編輯
  1. ^ Cited in Fleischer & Schmid (2006:251頁)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Some scholars choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents with the symbols ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩, rather than ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩. In that case, the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨pː, tː, kː, xː, sː, ʃː⟩ or ⟨pp, tt, kk, xx, ss, ʃʃ⟩, rather than ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Here, we choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents as ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩, whereas the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Long fortis obstruents or geminates occur in most of Switzerland except for the extreme Northeast, Wallis, and the Grisons–St. Gall Rhine valley.
  3. ^ If pronounced different from yew, cf. yew–hew merger.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 The dorsal obstruents /kx, x, ɣ̊/ are realized as velar [kx, x, ɣ̊] or uvular [, χ, ʁ̥], depending on the dialect.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The aspirated consonants [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] occur in borrowings from Standard German (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244頁)). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, an aspirated [kʰ] is also present in native words.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 The /r/ phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] or an alveolar tap [ɾ] (with both being transcribed with ⟨r⟩ in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative or approximant [ʁ], a voiceless lenis uvular fricative [ʁ̥]. Some dialects (e.g. Zürich German) use all six realizations (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244頁)).
  7. ^ In Swabian German, /r/ is realized as a uvular approximant [ʁ̞] in syllable onset, but as a pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞] in other positions (Markus Hiller. Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. ). For simplicity, we transcribe these sounds as, respectively, [ʁ] and [ʕ].
  8. ^ In Bernese German, /l/ in the syllable coda is realized as [w].
  9. ^ In Bernese German, the geminate /lː/ is realized as [].
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 The open vowels /a, aː/ can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as [a, ] for simplicity), back unrounded [ɑ, ɑː] or back rounded [ɒ, ɒː], depending on the dialect.
  11. ^ The schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
  12. ^ In Basel German and in the dialect of Markgräflerland, /uː/ is fronted to [ʉː].

文獻

編輯
  • Dauwalder, Hans, Wie mma s seid und cha schriiben. Eine haslideutsche Kurzgrammatik, Meiringen: Gemeinnütziger Verein, 1992 
  • Dieth, Eugen; Schmid-Cadalbert, Christian, Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift. Dieth-Schreibung 2nd, Aarau: Sauerländer, 1986 
  • Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan, 苏黎世德语 (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441 
  • Hotzenköcherle, Rudolf (編), Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz, Bern: Francke, 1962–1997 
  • Werlen, Iwar, Lautstrukturen des Dialekts von Brig im schweizerischen Kanton Wallis, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1977 
  • Marti, Werner, Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke, 1985, ISBN 3-7720-1587-5