亚洲 东亚 香港 梁振英 [ 1] :330
《现代独裁者百科全书：从拿破仑到现在》收录的现代独裁者的判断原则为：[ 1] :xx
统治者在追求和行使权力时，将正常政府程序弃而不顾。
使用法律以外手段来达成目的且/或延长其任期。 民主与独裁指数 采极简主义的定义分类法，以是否具有竞争的选举作划分标准[ 2] [ 13]
^ 1.000 1.001 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.006 1.007 1.008 1.009 1.010 1.011 1.012 1.013 1.014 1.015 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.019 1.020 1.021 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.025 1.026 1.027 1.028 1.029 1.030 1.031 1.032 1.033 1.034 1.035 1.036 1.037 1.038 1.039 1.040 1.041 1.042 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.046 1.047 1.048 1.049 1.050 1.051 1.052 1.053 1.054 1.055 1.056 1.057 1.058 1.059 1.060 1.061 1.062 1.063 1.064 1.065 1.066 1.067 1.068 1.069 1.070 1.071 1.072 1.073 1.074 1.075 1.076 1.077 1.078 1.079 1.080 1.081 1.082 1.083 1.084 1.085 1.086 1.087 1.088 1.089 1.090 1.091 1.092 1.093 1.094 1.095 1.096 1.097 1.098 1.099 1.100 1.101 1.102 1.103 1.104 1.105 1.106 1.107 1.108 1.109 1.110 1.111 1.112 1.113 1.114 1.115 1.116 1.117 1.118 1.119 1.120 1.121 1.122 1.123 1.124 1.125 1.126 1.127 1.128 1.129 1.130 1.131 1.132 1.133 1.134 1.135 1.136 1.137 1.138 1.139 1.140 1.141 1.142 1.143 1.144 1.145 1.146 1.147 1.148 1.149 1.150 1.151 1.152 1.153 1.154 1.155 1.156 1.157 Frank J. Coppa. Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators: From Napoleon to the Present . Peter Lang. 1 January 2006. ISBN 978-0-8204-5010-0 ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 Cheibub, José Antonio, Jennifer Gandhi, and James Raymond Vreeland. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice, vol. 143, no. 2-1, pp. 67-101. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Natasha M. Ezrow; Erica Frantz. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders . Continuum. 24 February 2011. ISBN 978-1-4411-7396-6 ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates. Encyclopedia of Africa . Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9 ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 Paul H. Lewis. Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, and Tyrants . Rowman & Littlefield. 2006: 255–. ISBN 978-0-7425-3739-2 ^ Salvatore Bizzarro. Historical Dictionary of Chile . Scarecrow Press. 20 April 2005: 398. ISBN 978-0-8108-6542-6 ^ 7.0 7.1 Philippe Girard. Clinton in Haiti: The 1994 US Invasion of Haiti . Palgrave Macmillan. 10 December 2004: 3–. ISBN 978-1-4039-7931-5 ^ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 Hugh M. Hamill. Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America . University of Oklahoma Press. 1 January 1992. ISBN 978-0-8061-2428-5 ^ 9.0 9.1 Paul Dowswell. Dictatorship . Evans Brothers. 2005: 36–. ISBN 978-0-237-52700-6 ^ Ninette S. Fahmy. The Politics of Egypt: State-Society Relationship . Routledge. 12 October 2012: 33–. ISBN 978-1-136-12994-0 ^ Stephen J. Lee. European Dictatorships 1918–1945 . Routledge. 12 November 2012: 345–. ISBN 978-1-135-69011-3Like Norway, France became a dictatorship as a direct result of military defeat by Germany in 1940. ... A new government under Marchal Petain, ...., secured partial independence for Vichy France, .... The Vichy government also contained French fascists like Pierre Lavaland Raphael Alibert, who sympathized openly with Nazi ideas. ^ Salvador de Madariaga. Latin America Between Eagle Bear . 1962. ^ William R. Keech. Economic Politics in the United States . Cambridge University Press. 14 October 2013: 17– [24 March 2014] . ISBN 978-1-107-00414-6（英语） . Specifically, the DD index (for Democracy and Dictatorship) assesses the United States as a democracy from 1946, the first measured, through 2008, the last year of measurement. ... My definition of a democracy is minimalist, like the DD definition of Cheibub, Gadhi, and Vreeland (2010), but it adds a dimension. Like DD, it considers the presence of contested elections a necessary condition of ....
