卡马西平
卡马西平 (INN:carbamazepine,CBZ),常见商品名 Tegretol(得理多),是一种治疗癫痫和神经性疼痛的抗癫痫药。[2][1]它可作为辅助药物,与其他药物一起治疗思觉失调,并用作治疗双相情绪障碍症的二线药物。[5][1]卡马西平对于局部性和全身性癫痫发作的作用似乎与苯妥英和丙戊酸一样有效。[6]它对于失神癫痫发作或肌阵挛发作无治疗效果。[1]
临床资料 | |
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商品名 | Tegretol及其他others |
其他名称 | CBZ |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682237 |
核准状况 | |
怀孕分级 |
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给药途径 | 口服给药 |
药物类别 | 抗癫痫药[1] |
ATC码 | |
法律规范状态 | |
法律规范 |
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药物动力学数据 | |
生物利用度 | ~100%[3] |
血浆蛋白结合率 | 70–80%[3] |
药物代谢 | 肝脏 (CYP3A4)[3] |
代谢产物 | 活性环氧化合物 (carbamazepine-10,11 epoxide)[3] |
生物半衰期 | 36小时 (第一剂), 16–24小时 (后续使用剂量)[3] |
排泄途径 | 尿液 (72%),粪便 (28%)[3] |
识别信息 | |
| |
CAS号 | 298-46-4(85756-57-6) |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.512 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C15H12N2O |
摩尔质量 | 236.27 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
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卡马西平于1953年由瑞士化学家Walter Schindler发现。[7][8]于1962年首次被核准在瑞士用于治疗癫痫。[9]
医疗用途
编辑卡马西平通常用于治疗癫痫和神经性疼痛,[1]也作为治疗双相情绪障碍症的二线药物(仿单标示外使用),并在某些思觉失调病例的治疗中,当单独用传统抗精神病药治疗失败时,可作为辅助用药使用。[1][10]然而证据并不支持将此药物用于治疗思觉失调。[11]它对失神癫痫发作或肌阵挛的治疗无效。[1]虽然卡马西平可能与苯妥英和丙戊酸具有相似作用和功效,但在药物选择上应根据个人情况进行评估,再进一步确定哪种药物对新发癫痫患者最有帮助。[6]
卡马西平在美国被注册为适于治疗癫痫(包括局部性癫痫发作、全身性强直阵挛发作和混合性癫痫发作)及三叉神经痛。[2][12]卡马西平是唯一经美国食品药物管理局(FDA)核准用于治疗三叉神经痛的药物。[13]
截至2014年,市面上有改良释放剂量制剂贩售,初步证据显示其副作用较少,但疗效是否与其他制剂有异,证据尚不明确。[14]
不良影响
编辑于美国贩售的卡马西平,包装的标签上含有下列警告:[2]
- 对人体产生红血球、白血球和血小板的影响:发生再生不良性贫血和粒细胞减少症重大影响的报告属于罕见,常见的是如白血球或血小板数量减少,但不会发展成为更严重的问题。[3]
- 自杀风险升高[15]
- 低钠血症和不适切抗利尿激素分泌综合症(SIADH)的风险会增加[3][16]
- 患者突然停止用药后,有癫痫发作的风险[3]
- 怀孕妇女使用后,会对胎儿造成风险,特别是有可能出现脊柱裂等先天畸形和发育障碍。[3][17]
- 胰腺炎
- 肝炎
- 头晕
- 骨髓抑制
- 史蒂芬斯-强森综合症
常见的不良反应可能有嗜睡、头晕、头痛和偏头痛、共济失调、恶心、呕吐和/或便秘。服用卡马西平期间饮酒,可能会导致中枢神经系统抑制加剧。[3]
较不常见的副作用可能包括混合癫痫症患者癫痫发作风险增加、[18]心律不整、视力模糊或复视。[3]此外也有罕见听觉副作用的病例报告,患者感知到的声音比以前低大约半音,通常大多数人不会注意到这种不寻常的副作用,且在停止服药后就会消失。[19]
药物基因学
编辑使用卡马西平而导致的严重皮肤反应,如史蒂芬斯-强森综合症(SJS)或中毒性表皮坏死松解症(TEN),在携带特定人类白血球抗原基因变异(等位基因)HLA-B *1502的人群中较为常见。[3]携带等位基因的人发生SJS或TEN的发生比有可能达到两位数(10的倍数)、三位数(百的倍数)甚至是四位数(千的倍数),取决于所属的族群。[20][21]HLA-B*1502几乎只出现在广大地区的亚洲血统人群中,但在欧洲、日本、韩国和非洲人群中出现的频率非常低,或是不存在。[3][22]然而携带有HLA-A*31:01等位基因的人群(如日本、中国、韩国和欧洲人)已成为会明显受到卡马西平导致的轻度和严重不良反应(例如药物疹合并嗜伊红血症及全身症状(DRESS)形式的严重皮肤反应)的族群。[21][23]研究显卡马西平为一种有效抗原,可与HLA-B*1502类似的抗原呈现区域结合,在未成熟的细胞毒性T细胞上触发持久的激活信号,而导致广泛的细胞毒性反应,如前述的SJS及TEN。[24]
交互效应
编辑卡马西平具有潜在的药物相互作用。[12]可降低卡马西平分解或以其他方式增加其水平的药物有红霉素、[25]西咪替丁、右旋丙氧芬和钙通道阻滞剂。[12]葡萄柚汁会抑制肠壁和肝脏中的CYP3A4酵素而提高卡马西平的生物利用度。[3]当此药物与苯巴比妥、苯妥英或扑米酮一起使用时,会将卡马西平的水平降低,而可能导致突破性癫痫发作。[26]
丙戊酸和伐诺拉酰胺会抑制微粒体环氧化物水解酶 (mEH),而mEH负责将卡马西平活性代谢物 - 卡马西平-10,11-环氧化物 - 分解为无活性代谢物。[27]丙戊酸和伐诺拉酰胺因抑制mEH而引起活性代谢物积累,会延长卡马西平的作用并延迟其被人体排泄。
卡马西平是细胞色素P450酶的诱导剂,可能会增加许多药物的清除率,将药物在血液中的浓度降低至亚治疗水平,并将预期效果降低。[26]卡马西平会加快以下药物的代谢:华法林、拉莫三嗪、苯妥英、茶碱、丙戊酸、[12]多种苯二氮平类药物[28]和美沙酮。[29]卡马西平也会增加避孕药中激素的代谢,可能降低其有效性而导致意料之外的受孕发生。[12]
药理学
编辑作用机转
编辑卡马西平是一种钠离子通道阻滞剂。[30]它优先结合处于非活性构象的电压门控钠离子通道,而防止动作电位的重复和持续放电。卡马西平对血清素系统有影响,但与抗癫痫作用的相关性尚不确定。有证据显示它是一种血清素释放剂,甚至可能是一种血清素再摄取抑制剂。[31][32][33]有人认为卡马西平还可阻断电压门控钙通道,而减少神经传导物质释放。[34]
药物动力学
编辑卡马西平经口服后,人体吸收速度相对缓慢但几乎可完全吸收。根据剂型,4至24小时后其于血浆中浓度会达到峰值。缓释片剂的吸收率会比一般片剂的降低约15%,血浆峰值浓度降低约25%,且浓度波动较小,但最小血药浓度并未显著降低。[35][36]
在血液循环中,卡马西平本身占总残留量的20%至30%,其余的是代谢物,70%至80%的残留物与血浆蛋白结合。母乳中的浓度是血浆中浓度的25%至60%。[36]
卡马西平本身不具有药理活性。它主要被CYP3A4激活,并生成卡马西平-10,11-环氧化物,此环氧化物是抗癫痫作用的唯一来源。然后环氧化物被微粒体环氧化物水解酶 (mEH) 灭活,生成卡马西平-反式-10,11-二醇,进一步再成为葡萄糖醛酸苷。其他代谢物有各种羟基衍生物和卡马西平-N-葡萄糖醛酸苷。[36]
卡马西平单次剂量给药的生物半衰期约为35~40小时,但它是细胞色素P450酶的强诱导剂,重复给药时的生物半衰期缩短至约12~17小时。其他酵素诱导剂如苯妥英或苯巴比妥可将半衰期进一步缩短至9-10小时。此药物约有70%会经由尿液排出(几乎全为代谢物形式),30%经由粪便排出。[35][36]
历史
编辑卡马西平是1953年由在J.R. Geigy AG(后被药业诺华并入)工作的瑞士化学家Walter Schindler所发现。[37][38]其于1963年首次作为治疗癫痫的药物在瑞士上市,商品名为Tegretol,同时又用于治疗三叉神经痛。[37]英国自1965年起用其作抗癫痫药,美国于1968年批准其用作医疗用途。[1]
此药物在20世纪70年代一直被研究用于治疗双相情绪障碍症。[39]
目前市面已有此药物的通用名药物流通。[40]卡马西平已被列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中。[41]此药物于2020年在美国最常用处方药中排名第185,开立的处方笺超过200万张。[42][43]
社会与文化
编辑环境影响
编辑在美国污水处理厂的污水中[44]:224 以及接受污水处理厂排出水的溪流中可检测出卡马西平及其生物转化产物的踪迹。[45]相关机构已进行过现场和实验室研究,以了解在掺有来自污水处理厂污泥的土壤中所生长的食品植物中此药物的积累情况,及其随着污泥中存在的药物浓度和土壤中污泥成分的变化而变化的后续结果。于2014年所发表的一项审查,结论是"根据该研究结果,在用含有卡马西平的生物固体所改良的土壤中生长的植物,其积累程度对人类健康构成微不足道的风险。"[44]:227
品牌名称
编辑卡马西平在全球以许多品牌出售,Tegretol是其中之一。[46]
参见
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延伸阅读
编辑- Iqbal MM, Gundlapalli SP, Ryan WG, Ryals T, Passman TE. Effects of antimanic mood-stabilizing drugs on fetuses, neonates, and nursing infants. Southern Medical Journal. March 2001, 94 (3): 304–22 [2024-04-14]. PMID 11284518. doi:10.1097/00007611-200194030-00007. (原始内容存档于2020-07-27).
- Dean L. Carbamazepine Therapy and HLA Genotype. Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, et al (编). Medical Genetics Summaries. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 2015 [2024-04-14]. PMID 28520367. Bookshelf ID: NBK321445. (原始内容存档于2020-10-26).
外部链接
编辑- Carbamazepine. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2024-04-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-29).
- Carbamazepine (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). UK National Health Service
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