洞口之战

洞口之战
	三國戰爭的一部分
日期	222年10月 – 223年1月
地点	洞口（今江蘇溧陽長江沿岸）
结果	孫吳獲勝，总体僵持，曹魏撤退
参战方
曹魏	孫吳
指挥官与领导者
曹休	呂範

洞口之战是222年10月至223年1月發生在曹魏和孫吳之間的一場水上戰役。孫吳最終贏得這場戰役勝利。

背景

蜀帝刘备在夷陵之战被孙权的部队击败后，自麥城之戰以來有所緩和的曹魏和孫吳關係又有所惡化。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

曹魏皇帝曹丕要求孫權派長子孙登前往曹魏首都洛阳作为人质。然而孙权拒绝了这个要求，后来孫權又向曹丕道歉，聲稱他的儿子还很小，健康状况不佳，无法出门在外。^[6]但曹丕依然要求孙登作为人质，這一要求被孫權再次拒绝了。

两国之间的外交关系持续恶化，最后曹丕决定进攻孙权。孙权派使节前往曹魏谈判，希望能維持和平，但曹魏拒絕。不久，孙权在222年11月宣布使用自己的年號黃武，不再使用曹魏的年號黃初。^[7]

战争

部署

222年10月下旬，曹丕下令曹休、张辽、镇东将军臧霸、豫州刺史贾逵率各州郡二十余军的兵力沿资江而下进军历阳洞浦，攻击洞口县；曹仁进攻濡須；曹真、夏侯尚、張郃和徐晃围攻南郡。^[8]作为回应，孙权让呂範指挥徐盛、偏将军全琮、孙韶等人率领五军的兵力抗击曹休，迁吕范为前将军；派遣诸葛瑾、潘璋和楊粲前去以解除曹魏對由朱然守衛的南郡的围困，而朱桓則去濡須防守以應對曹仁的進攻。^[9]

曹魏進攻

最初，曹魏军很快就穿透孫吳防線。此外，呂範的部队遭到暴风雨袭击，造成了严重损失，尽管曹休也因暴风雨而受阻。^[10]吕范有的军队被吹到敌岸之上，曹休、张辽、臧霸、兖州刺史王凌等乘机进攻，吕范军战死及溺死者有数千人。吕范与曹休们交战的时候，孙权的弟弟定武中郎将孙仁违反军令私自把吕范的军需物资烧毁了，因此吕范无法重整军力，于是引军退守江南，把孙仁交给孙权处置。孙权听到张辽也參與進攻，頓時感到害怕，孫權对他的下属说：“雖然张辽已經生病，但他仍然是一个不容小覷的敌人。大家要小心！”后来张辽和其他曹魏将军击败了呂範。^[11]此後曹休、张辽和臧霸在洞口與呂範、徐盛、全琮和孫韶等人對峙。^[12]张辽在江都病逝。

223年初，曹休命令臧霸以轻船五百、敢死之士万人进攻徐陵郡，烧攻城车，杀获数千人，吴将贺齐最后到达战场支援，所以没有遭到任何损失，吴军残余军力依赖贺齐这支军力才得以维持战线，曹休等人对贺齐的军备仪容非常忌惮。曹休命臧霸追击敌人，徐盛和全琮收拾残兵众部，召集余下的士兵进行反击，臧霸遭到反击受到大败，其麾下的青徐州将军尹礼被全琮与徐盛枭首，同时被杀获几百人。

曹魏撤退

由於孫吳增援部队到达，呂範、徐盛和孫韶阻止了曹魏的進一步進攻，且曹魏也無法突破南郡。最终，洞口的曹休以及曹魏军被击退，並撤回到了曹魏都城洛阳。

后果

洞口之戰曹魏失利後，孙权趁机於223年夏天发动反擊，成功佔領了蘄春。孙权成功抵擋魏国侵略，與曹魏徹底決裂，並最終於229年稱帝。

而孙仁因在洞口之戰中的作戰失誤，被開除出孫氏宗族，並更名为丁朗，且不再允許他帶兵。

王凌因功封宜城亭侯，加建武将军。

參戰人員

曹魏

征東大將軍曹休
- 軍師趙儼
前將軍張遼
鎮東將軍臧霸
† 尹禮
兖州刺史王凌

孫吳

前將軍呂範
安東將軍賀齊
建武將軍徐盛
揚威將軍孫韶
偏將軍全琮
孫朗
參軍校尉吾粲
黃淵

三國演義

在三国演义中，曹魏将军張遼在保卫曹丕免受孫吴将军丁奉袭击而被丁奉射中腰部。战斗结束后不久，張遼就因箭伤而死。曹丕为张辽举行了隆重的葬礼。^[13]洞口之战的过程也被略写为“曹休被吕范杀败”。

史實

222年，即使張遼生病了，他仍参加了洞口之戰。当孙权听说张辽也參戰時，警告他的手下要小心。张辽和其他曹魏將領曾击败了孫吴將領呂範。但是，张辽的病情逐漸恶化了，并于当年晚些时候在江都去世。^[14]

流行文化

在Koei的真·三國無雙系列的真·三國無雙6中涉及洞口之戰。洞口之戰是孫吳故事模式的最后一个阶段，當玩家使用孙权的時候張遼會被孫權殺死。

参考文献

^ (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。 ... 冬十一月，大風。呂範等兵溺死者數千，余軍還江南。曹休使臧霸以輕船五百、敢死萬人襲攻徐陵，燒攻城車，殺略數千人。)《三国志》卷四十七
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. With the full defeat of Liu Bei in the late summer and early autumn of 222, Sun Quan had obtained all possible benefit from his formal submission to Cao Pi and the empire of Wei, and he wasted very little time in breaking that connection.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. It had never been popular with his officers.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. , and even at the time of his enfeoffment as King of Wu there had been those who argued against accepting such a rank from the usurping Emperor, and who suggested that Sun Quan should take some independent title as Lord of Nine Provinces, claiming hegemony in support of Han. This was, as we have discussed, quite inappropriate and impractical in the circumstances, and the submission to Cao Pi was an essential preparation for dealing with Liu Bei.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. On the other hand, the alliance with the north was always a matter of expediency, and there seems no probability that Sun Quan intended it to last any longer than it needed.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. Sun Quan sent up a letter of apology, saying that his son was too young and delicate in health to be sent away from home, and for the time being Cao Pi did not press the matter.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. At this ultimatum, surely by no means unexpected, in the tenth month, being early November of 222, Sun Quan declared his independence of Wei.
^ (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。)《三国志》卷四十七
^ (權遣呂範等督五軍，以舟軍拒休等，諸葛瑾、潘璋、楊粲救南郡，朱桓以濡須督拒仁。)《三国志》卷四十七
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. His adviser Dong Zhao assured him he need have no such worry: even if Cao Xiu was hot-headed enough to court such disaster, his wiser subordinates would be quite well aware of the dangers and would refuse to support him. Cao Pi may have been re-assured that Cao Xiu would not do anything rash, but there is nothing in the record to suggest that anyone under his command had any confidence of the most limited success.
^ (權甚憚焉，敕諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂范。)《三国志》卷一十七
^ (曹休、張遼，臧霸等來伐，范督徐盛、全琮、孫韶等，以舟師拒休等於洞口。)《三国志》卷五十六
^ 《三国演义》第86回
^ (遼還屯雍丘，得疾。帝遣侍中劉曄將太醫視疾，虎賁問消息，道路相屬。疾未瘳，帝迎遼就行在所，車駕親臨，執其手，賜以御衣，太官日送御食。疾小差，還屯。孫權復叛，帝遣遼乘舟，與曹休至海陵，臨江。權甚憚焉，敕諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂范。遼病篤，遂薨於江都。)《三国志》卷一十七

陈寿。 三国志 。
罗贯中。 三国演义 。

[1] (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。 ... 冬十一月，大風。呂範等兵溺死者數千，余軍還江南。曹休使臧霸以輕船五百、敢死萬人襲攻徐陵，燒攻城車，殺略數千人。)《三国志》卷四十七

[2] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. With the full defeat of Liu Bei in the late summer and early autumn of 222, Sun Quan had obtained all possible benefit from his formal submission to Cao Pi and the empire of Wei, and he wasted very little time in breaking that connection.

[3] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. It had never been popular with his officers.

[4] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. , and even at the time of his enfeoffment as King of Wu there had been those who argued against accepting such a rank from the usurping Emperor, and who suggested that Sun Quan should take some independent title as Lord of Nine Provinces, claiming hegemony in support of Han. This was, as we have discussed, quite inappropriate and impractical in the circumstances, and the submission to Cao Pi was an essential preparation for dealing with Liu Bei.

[5] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. On the other hand, the alliance with the north was always a matter of expediency, and there seems no probability that Sun Quan intended it to last any longer than it needed.

[6] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. Sun Quan sent up a letter of apology, saying that his son was too young and delicate in health to be sent away from home, and for the time being Cao Pi did not press the matter.

[7] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. At this ultimatum, surely by no means unexpected, in the tenth month, being early November of 222, Sun Quan declared his independence of Wei.

[8] (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。)《三国志》卷四十七

[9] (權遣呂範等督五軍，以舟軍拒休等，諸葛瑾、潘璋、楊粲救南郡，朱桓以濡須督拒仁。)《三国志》卷四十七

[10] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. His adviser Dong Zhao assured him he need have no such worry: even if Cao Xiu was hot-headed enough to court such disaster, his wiser subordinates would be quite well aware of the dangers and would refuse to support him. Cao Pi may have been re-assured that Cao Xiu would not do anything rash, but there is nothing in the record to suggest that anyone under his command had any confidence of the most limited success.

[11] (權甚憚焉，敕諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂范。)《三国志》卷一十七

[12] (曹休、張遼，臧霸等來伐，范督徐盛、全琮、孫韶等，以舟師拒休等於洞口。)《三国志》卷五十六

[13] 《三国演义》第86回

[14] (遼還屯雍丘，得疾。帝遣侍中劉曄將太醫視疾，虎賁問消息，道路相屬。疾未瘳，帝迎遼就行在所，車駕親臨，執其手，賜以御衣，太官日送御食。疾小差，還屯。孫權復叛，帝遣遼乘舟，與曹休至海陵，臨江。權甚憚焉，敕諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂范。遼病篤，遂薨於江都。)《三国志》卷一十七

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