马来族
马来族(马来语:Etnik Melayu;英语:Malays),习惯上多称为马来人,旧时又译为巫来由人 ,故当地华语常以巫为族名简称,分布于东南亚。马来族有狭义和广义之分,前者指分布于马来半岛南部及苏门答腊东南部的一个民族,该民族在马来半岛人口最多。而广义上,马来族有时候也用来指马来语(印尼语)族群甚至整个南岛语系族群。[10]
马来族 Orang Melayu أورڠ ملايو | |
---|---|
![]() 一对马来族夫妇婚礼 | |
总人口 | |
约3000 万 | |
分布地区 | |
![]() ![]() | |
起源地 | . |
![]() | 5,365,399[2] |
![]() | 1,964,384[3] |
![]() | 653,449[4] |
![]() | ~27,000[5] |
海外分布 | . |
![]() | ~200,000[6] |
![]() | 40,189[7] |
![]() | 33,183[8] |
![]() | ~33,000[9] |
语言 | |
作为官方语言: 马来语群语言: 其他语言: | |
宗教信仰 | |
![]() | |
注释 | |
^ note: Highly naturalised population of mixed origins, but using the 'Malay' identity |
从15世纪马六甲苏丹王朝始,大量马来人由古代佛教、印度教转为皈依伊斯兰教,主要分布于东南亚的马来半岛、圣诞岛、科科斯(基林)群岛、印度尼西亚、新加坡、文莱、菲律宾和大洋洲等。
马来人名称由来
编辑这名称可能来自苏门答腊岛上一个约1500年前由印度人所建立的古国——末罗瑜(马来文亦是Melayu )。末罗瑜遗址位于现苏门答腊岛上一条河流 上游的支流巫来由河(Sungai Melayu) 附近。后来末罗瑜被苏门答腊岛上的另一个著名古国三佛齐所并吞。
另一种说法是“Melayu”这名词来自印度的梵文中一读音为Malaya 的词。这梵文词的意思为山或高处。
马来文学作品《马来纪年》将“Melayu”的词源与印尼苏门答腊的巫来由河(Sungai Melayu)联系在一起。这个词被认为是由马来语“melaju”衍生而来的,“melaju”是一个词前缀“me”和词根“laju”的组合,意思是“加速”,用来描述河流加速的强劲水流。[11]
“Melayu”用来指称一个明显包含不同的民族的群体被认为在15世纪时,马六甲王国作为马来群岛的区域力量整合的结果。它是马六甲王国人民对国外人士,特别是爪哇人和泰国人的一种社会偏见。[12] 这一点从16世纪早期由参与麦哲伦环球航行探险家安东尼奥·皮加费塔所列出的马来单词列表就可以看出,它提到了马来方式(chiara Malaiu)在海洋东南亚的应用,指代说马六甲语(al parlare de Malaea)。[13]
马来语原词“Melayu”,在葡萄牙语中被用成“Malaio”,后来成为在荷兰语中“Malayo”,最终再成为英语中的“Malay”。在15世纪之前,“Melayu”及其发音相似的变体一般是指马六甲海峡地区的一个古老地名。[14]
- Malaya Dwipa:在《伐由往世书》第48章中被提及是东海一个充满金银财宝的省份。一些学者将此词等同于苏门答腊岛[15],但一些印度学者认为这个词应该指的是多山的马来半岛而素万那普才是指苏门答腊岛。[16][17][18][19][20]
- Maleu-kolon - 在托勒密作品《地理学指南》中指的黄金半岛位置。[21]
- 末罗瑜:唐代僧人义净在其《大唐西域求法高僧传》和《南海寄归内法传》提及的古国。根据作品内容,末罗瑜坐落的地点从室利佛逝国的首府巨港坐船航行15日可达,从末罗瑜出发到羯荼国也需要15日。所以可以推测末罗瑜位置介于两者之间。[22] 一个著名的理论将末罗瑜和占碑关联起来[23],但依据义净的作品占碑是坐落在羯荼与巨港之间一半路程。在后来的元朝(1271–1368年)与明朝(1368–1644年),也有不少作品提及末罗瑜国,但称呼不一样,比如:木剌由、麻里予儿、巫来由、无来由等。
- Malayur:被刻在印度泰米尔纳德邦的布里哈迪希瓦拉神庙的南墙上。它被描述是一个在马来半岛拥有坚固的山的王国,在11世纪落入了朱罗王朝皇帝罗贞陀罗·朱罗一世(Rajendra Chola I)的手中。
- Bhūmi Mālayu:Bhūmi 是“...之地”之意,该词在年份为1286年的巴当洛克基石(Prasasti Padang Roco)铭文中被提及。[24]该词和德哈马斯拉雅(Dharmasraya)王国关联。
- 麻里予儿:在元朝纪传体史书《元史》中提及的一个面临素可泰王国兰甘亨大帝时期南扩威胁的马来半岛王国。[25]该作品写道“以暹人与麻里予儿旧相仇杀”,为此中国使者在1295年前往暹罗,旨谕暹人“勿伤麻里予儿,以践尔言”。[26]
- Malauir:在马可波罗的记述中提到的一个位于马来半岛的王国[27][28],可能与《元史》中提及的是同一个王国。
另外,爪哇语中的“mlayu”来源于“mlaku”或马来语“melaju”,指的是该国人民的高流动性和迁徙性质,然而这说法虽然流行但没有确凿的证据。 有些人,特别是汉语地区的汉语使用者,误将马来人当成马来西亚人的简称,向他们自认是马来西亚人就会被误解是在自认是马来人。其实马来人只是马来西亚的民族之一,马来西亚人不等于马来人。而马来西亚人指的是拥有马来西亚国籍的人士,包括马来人、华人、印度人三大民族及各少数民族。马来西亚人的简称可用大马/马国人。如:大马本土华人可以被称为“马来西亚华人”、“马国华人”或“大马华人” 。
马来人的起源
编辑原始马来人
编辑原马来人(马来文:Melayu Proto)是第一批到达南洋群岛的马来人,目前使用的语言属于南岛语系,他们在新石器时代晚期迁徙至南洋群岛。书籍 The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History 指出了马来人起源的三大理论,但是历史学界尚无定论。 值得注意的是,现今存在的原马来人依旧可见,他们包括了莫肯人、Orang Jakun、Orang Kuala、Orang Temuan和Orang Kanaq。[41]
南亚起源说
编辑发表于1889年,主要的支持者有R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana 和Asmah Haji Omar等。南亚起源说的依据如下:
- 在马来群岛发现的古老斧头,与南亚的某些地区类似,说明有南亚居民移民马来群岛。
- 马来族的风俗与阿萨姆地区类似(阿萨姆是印度与缅甸之间的地区)。
- 马来语与柬埔寨的高棉语(属于南亚语系)相似,而高棉人又被认为来自于南亚,当年他们沿着湄公河南下到柬埔寨。
南亚起源说被广大人群所接受,马来西亚的中学历史课本中都介绍马来人起源于南亚。但已被现代分子人类学(基因研究)否决。[29]
马来群岛起源说
编辑发表于1965年,支持者有J.Crawfurd、K.Himly、Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana和Gorys Keraf等。马来群岛起源说的的依据如下:
- K.Himly不同意马来语与高棉语相似。认为二语相似只是表面印象,没有足够理据。
- 爪哇岛发现的爪哇猿人(学名:Homo erectus erectus)、梭罗猿人 (学名:Homo erectus soloensis)和维杰人 (学名:Homo wajakensis)化石表明马来人是马来群岛起源,可能马来人就是来自爪哇岛。
- 马来群岛各族的语言与南亚属于印欧语系的语言有异。
马来群岛起源论在马来西亚只得到极少数人的支持。
台湾起源说
编辑发表于1997年。一般认为是在公元前4,000年左右,在东亚大陆南部与中南半岛一带的原住民族,移居台湾,之后由台湾开始向外拓展,形成南岛民族。包括贾德·戴蒙在内的一些学者依据历史语言学的证据,支持台湾起源说,这是因为南岛语言在台湾有最高的多样性:据白乐思的研究,南岛语言的十大语支有九支都在台湾。另外张至善等人分析南岛民族传统作物构树的基因多样性后,认为南岛民族的祖先应是自东亚大陆南部将构树带到台湾,再从台湾传至各太平洋岛屿[30]。
混血马来人
编辑混血马来人(马来文:Melayu Deutro)是铁器时代的人,从属于南岛民族。 混血马来人和原马来人相比,拥有更先进的耕作技术和对金属的认识。[31]他们更加蒙古人种化,与原马来人相比具有较小的身躯、较暗的皮肤、卷发的出现频率较高,头型狭长的百分比高得多,并且拥有内眦赘皮的可能性明显较低。[31]相比之下,混血马来人较倾向于定居者而不是游牧者,他们定居并建立了“甘榜”(马来语:kampung,意为马来人村庄)作为社会主要单位。这些甘榜通常位于河岸或沿海地区,在食物和其他必需品中自给自足。在公元前上个世纪末,这些甘榜开始与外界进行一些贸易。[32]混血马来人被认为是当今马来西亚马来人的直接祖先。[33] 一些学者将原马来人及混血马来人又合称南岛人(英文:Austronesian ),二者的文化为新石器时代的文化。南岛人其实是最后移入马来群岛的人群。之前迁入的有澳大利亚人种(英文:Australoid),矮黑人(英文:Negrito)和美拉尼西亚人(英文:Melanesoid)。
遗传史
编辑马来人是东南亚岛屿和马来半岛的一个讲南岛语的族群。 2021/2022 年的一项研究得出结论,一个独特的东亚祖先血统(有时称为“东亚和东南亚血统”(ESEA))起源于东南亚大陆,大约在公元前 50,000 年,并在多个波浪中分别向南和向北扩展.这个人口是现代安爬曼矮黑人、东亚和东南亚人、波利尼西亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先,但与欧洲人或澳大利亚原住民不同。
早期东亚血统(以安达曼矮黑人为代表),以及后来的南亚语系稻作人群,在南岛语系人群扩张之前就已经扩散到东南亚沿海地区。南岛语使用者本身被认为是在公元前 10,000 至 7,000 年间从中国南部沿海抵达台湾和菲律宾北部,并从那里传播到整个东南亚岛屿。作者得出的结论是,现代说南岛语的民族,如马来人,其祖先主要来自早期东亚人、来自中南半岛的说南亚语的移民以及来自菲律宾的说南岛语的人群混合而形成。[35][36]。
根据2016年最新论文,一例距今四千多年前的马来半岛古人考古样本,其基因不含南岛血统,也与现代马来人差距甚远,性质更接近安达曼矮黑人。[37]
注释
编辑- ^ “巫来由”,闽南语白话字:Bû-lâi-iû,耶鲁粤语拼音:Mòuh-lòih-yàuh,客语白话字:Mù-lòi-yù。
- ^ “末罗瑜”最初是唐朝僧人义净《大唐西域求法高僧传》对苏门达腊某地的译名,到了《元史》则称马来半岛为“麻里予”。
- ^ 河流名称马来文Sungai Batang Hari。
- ^ Sungai Melayu无中文译名,Sungai在马来文中即是“河流”之意,Sungai Melayu或可译为“末罗瑜河”。
- ^ 例如喜马拉雅山脉,梵文是Himalaya。Hima是雪、寒冷的意思;Malaya是山、山脉,Himalaya在梵文中乃雪山之意。
- ^ 马来文Indonesian亦是现代印尼人的称呼,而南岛人是马来西亚华人的官方中文译名。以区别二不同之Indonesian而如此译。
- ^ 梭罗猿人的化石于爪哇岛上梭罗河(马来文:Sungai Solo〕附近发现,因而得名。梭罗猿人直立,但没脱离猿人阶段。
- ^ 维杰人的化石于爪哇岛南岸维杰(马来文:Wajak)地方发现。是东南亚发现的最早真人化石。约生存于1万2千年前。
- ^ “巫裔”多用来专指马来西亚的马来人。
参考文献
编辑引注
编辑- ^ Economic Planning Unit (Malaysia) 2010
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistika Indonesia 2010,第9页
- ^ World Population Review 2015
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- ^ Mukerjee 1984,第212页
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- ^ Gerini 1974,第101页
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- ^ Melayu Online 2005
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- ^ Guoxue 2003
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编辑- Abd. Rahman Ismail, Seni Silat Melayu: Sejarah, Perkembangan dan Budaya, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2008, ISBN 978-983-62-9934-5
- Abdulla, M. A. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science. December 2009, 326 (5959): 1541–1545. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1541.. PMID 20007900. S2CID 34341816. doi:10.1126/science.1177074. 已忽略未知参数
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