用户:TongcyDai/沙盒/F
寒溪语 | |
---|---|
母语国家和地区 | 台湾北部 |
区域 | 宜兰县大同乡寒溪村、南澳乡澳花村、东澳村、金洋村[1] |
母语使用人数 | 不足3200人 (2004年,人数为四个部落的人口总数)[2]:22 |
语系 | |
文字 | 拉丁字母 |
官方地位 | |
管理机构 | ![]() |
语言代码 | |
ISO 639-3 | 无(mis) |
Glottolog | yila1234 [3] |
寒溪语或称宜兰克里奥尔语、日语客里讴[4],是一种基于日语的克里奥尔语,目前使用于宜兰县大同乡的数个部落[1]。这种语言出现于1930年代至1940年代,由于日本殖民政府在台湾推行强力的日语教育,日语逐渐成为山区各族原住民之间的共通语,宜兰县部分泰雅族甚至丧失了族语能力,改以日语为母语。且日语母语者和泰雅语母语者都无法理解寒溪语[5]。
寒溪语一直到2006年才由国立东华大学教授简月真与日本语言学家真田信治识别出来[5][6],并以语言通行的地区之一-宜兰县大同乡寒溪村-命名[7]。2006年,中华民国原住民族委员会曾在官方族语认定的四十馀个方言别中另增“宜兰寒溪泰雅语”一项[8],但随即在2011年将其排除[9];再加上近年来中华民国国语的普及,使得寒溪语受到极大的威胁[7]。
简介
编辑名称
编辑使用寒溪语的四个部落都位于宜兰县,但对于自己的语言有著不同的称呼。大同乡寒溪村称寒溪语为“nihongo”、“kangke no hanasi”、“kangke no ke”、“寒溪泰雅语”,东岳村有“nihongo”、“tang-ow no hanasi”、“tang-ow no ke”、“地方语言”等,金洋村有“kinus no hanasi”、“博爱路的话”,澳花村有“nihongo”、“zibun no hanasi”、“土话”等[10][a]。
形成历史
编辑1895年清朝于甲午战争战败,同年签订《马关条约》,日本因此在台湾展开了长达五十年的统治[11][12]1910年代起,南澳地区开始实施“集体迁村”(日语:集團移住),深山的部落被迫分散、移至浅山或平地另组新部落;此举造成寒溪村、东岳村、金洋村及澳花村等四个村落中同时有泰雅人和赛德克人混居。语言、文化相异的两个族群为了相互沟通,便采用泰雅语、赛德克语和日语接触后形成的“接触语言”作为共通语,约1930年代后出生的世代更以此作为第一语言,母语者的出现也使这种接触语言逐渐发展为成熟的克里奥尔语。[10]
地理分布
编辑The creole is spoke in Yilan County in Eastern Taiwan, mainly in Tungyueh Village, Chinyang Village, Aohua Village, and Hanhsi Village, with evidence of differences varieties of the creole found in each.[7][6]尽管不知道寒溪语使用者的确切人数,但可能推测应该少于四个村的总人口,即大约3000人[7][5],或介于两千至三千人之间[5]。While the creole is currently used among all generations,[13] younger generations are receiving less exposure to it, causing the language to become endangered.[6] While older speakers may not be fluent in Mandarin, younger generations are consistently using Mandarin more.[7]
Japanese language still has some influence in Taiwan society today. Japanese based Internet sites in Japanese are viewed by Taiwanese, with “few other countries [producing] as much information in Japanese as Taiwan”.[11] Evidence of Japanese signboards, particularly with the use of the Japanese hiragana character の (pronounced “no”) may be seen in Taiwan.[11] Taiwanese citizens who received Japanese education during the annexation of the nation still speak Japanese fluently today.[11] There are three generations of Yilan Creole speakers, with the older and middle generations using the creole significantly more than the younger generation.[5]
In Tungyueh Village, younger generations seem to have lost the Yilan Creole, while there are still fluent younger generation speakers of the Creole in Aohua.[7] After a push for preserving a more traditional and pure sense of Atayal heritage, the Yilan Creole that is imbued with Japanese features was removed from language examinations. This further instilled a tendency toward Mandarin and a push away from Yilan Creole in young speakers.[5] While older generations prefer to speak Japanese or Yilan-Creole with people of the same age, they will often use Atayal or Mandarin mixed with Yilan Creole when speaking with younger generations; younger generations will similarly prefer Mandarin with same-age speakers, but may use Yilan Creole with older generations.[5]
Due to the migration of Japanese from the western part of the Japan to Taiwan in the early half of the twentieth century, with seventy percent of Taiwan’s immigrants being from western Japan, Yilan Creole acquired some of the regional dialects of western Japan. However, these regional dialects are still used unconsciously.[7]
性质
编辑寒溪语是世界上唯一基于日语的克里奥尔语[5],其以日语的词汇与语法为基础, 但音韵、词汇与语法融合了底层的赛考利克泰雅语和赛德克语,并吸收了部分闽南语和华语词汇。[4]。
音系
编辑整体而言,寒溪语的语音系统和泽敖利泰雅语十分接近,而大量来自日语的借词则引入了许多泰雅语原先没有的辅音;相较起来,赛德克语对寒溪语的影响则十分不明显[10]。
辅音
编辑寒溪语拥有22个来自泰雅语与日语的辅音[5]。国际音标以前后双斜线夹注,其拼字法则以斜体字标记。
唇 | 齿龈 | 龈腭 | 硬颚 | 软颚 | 声门 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鼻音 | /m/ m | /n/ n | /ŋ/ ng | |||
塞音 | /p/ p /b/ b |
/t/ t /d/ d |
/k/ k /g/ g |
/ʔ/ ' | ||
擦音 | /s/ s /z/ z |
/ɕ/ s | /x/ x | /h/ h | ||
塞擦音 | /t͡s/ t[b] | /t͡ɕ/ t /d͡ʑ/ z |
||||
半元音 | /j/ y | /w/ w | ||||
流音 | /r/ r /l/l |
寒溪语继承了日语辅音中的浊塞音([b]、[d]和[g])、浊齿龈擦音[z]、清龈颚擦音[ɕ]、清齿龈塞擦音[ts],以及龈颚塞擦音[tɕ]和[dʑ];但未保留清双唇擦音[ɸ]和小舌鼻音[ɴ][5]。
从泰雅语继承的辅音则包括声门塞音[ʔ]、齿龈流音[l]、清软颚擦音[x],但未保留清小舌塞音[q]。此外,虽然日语可以置于音节尾的辅音只有鼻音,可以置于音节首的鼻音则只有[m]和[n],但寒溪语的[t]、[k]、[s]、[x]和[h]都可以出现在音节尾,如mit(山羊)、biyok(猪)、yutas(祖父)、walax(雨)、talah(红色),[ŋ]则可以出现在音节首,如ngsan(家)[5]。
部分日语单词中的[r]和[d]在寒溪语中会被置换为[l],如日语单词“座れ”(suware,坐下)变成suwale;“兄弟”(kyôdai,兄弟)变成kyôlai[5][c]。
元音
编辑寒溪语共有六个元音,其中仅[ə]是源于泰雅语,其馀五个音位为日语和泰雅语共享[5] ;另有研究认为寒溪语不存在元音[ə][15]。另外,虽然标准日语中将u读作不圆唇的[ɯ],但所有寒溪语含u的词汇皆被读作圆唇的[u][7]。
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超音段特征
编辑泰雅语是轻重音语言[16],且所有原生单词的重音都在最后一个音节;而日语则是高低重音语言[17]。寒溪语的重音系统与泰雅语较为接近,其重音通常落在最后一个音节,例如[waˈha](我)、[laˈlaŋ](之前)[15]。
一些日语词汇含有长辅音和长元音,但进入寒溪语中其音长可能会被缩短,如单词“学校”(gakkô,学校)转为gako,“病気”(byôki,疾病)转为byoki。然而,上例“兄弟”(kyôdai)转为kyôlai时,元音长度并没有发生变化[15]。
语法
编辑构词
编辑寒溪语同时使用词缀和时间副词来标记动词的时态,即使该词源于泰雅语,依然套用日语的词形变化[5]。
Some processes of negation in Yilan Creole use Japanese derived forms to accommodate the 已然语气 that is part of Atayal grammar.[18]
语序
编辑寒溪语的主要语序是主-宾-动,和日语相同[7]。施事与受事以语序区分,而不像日语使用主题标记[19]。如以下例子:
wasi | uwow | nomu. | [19] | ina | yasay | kiru.[19] | |
第一人称单数 | 酒 | 喝 | 媳妇 | 蔬菜 | 切 | ||
“我将喝酒。” | “媳妇会切蔬菜。” |
由于受到汉语的影响,年轻的语言使用者也使用主-动-宾语序的句子[7],但有时会被认为是不正确或不自然的用法[19]。例如:
wasi | no | mama | tapuy-toru | gohang. | [19] |
第一人称单数 | 属格标记 | 妈妈 | 煮-体标记 | 饭、餐 | |
“我的妈妈在煮饭。” |
后置格标记
编辑除了主语和宾语以外,寒溪语也使用后置的格标记词来指示语义关系,包括ni、de、to、no、kara[19]。例如左例中的ni用于标记其前的la'i为动作的接受者,而右例的de用于标记名词take是主语完成一个动作所凭借或使用的工具或方法[19]。
wasi | la'i | ni | pila | ageru. | wasi | take | de | tatak | cukuru. | |
我 | 小孩 | 与格标记 | 钱 | 给 | 我 | 竹子 | 工具格标记 | 棚屋 | 制作 | |
“我给小孩钱。” | “我要用竹子做小屋。” |
词汇
编辑In Yilan Creole, phonological forms of words are derived from Japanese, while the semantic properties are derived from Atayal.[7] According to a study on Yilan Creole in Tungyueh Village by Zeitoun, Teng, and Wu, “the proportion of Atayal-derived words in the Yilan Creole basic vocabulary is 18.3%, and that of Japanese-derived words is 35.6%. Both Atayal-derived words and Japanese-derived words can be used for 33.8% of the items”.[7] Mandarin and Southern Min words also exist, but far less. Older generation speakers tend to use Atayal and Japanese variants more often than younger generational speakers, who prefer Mandarin variants, when they exist. Mandarin based words lose their tone in Yilan Creole.[7]
Many Atayal words relating to nature, animals, and plants survived in the creole. Vocabulary of most concepts such as these related to traditional Atayal and Seediq life and culture are retained in Yilan Creole.[7]
后缀
编辑The verb suffix –suru in Yilan Creole', derived from the Japanese verb ‘to do’, is similar to its Japanese counterpart, except in that it is a bound morpheme while the Japanese -suru can stand alone as a free morpheme.[7] Also, Yilan Creole –suru can attach to nouns, adjectives, and, among young generational speakers, verbs. However, older generation speakers do not accept verbs + -suru combinations.
Another affix in Yilan Creole is the Japanese derived –rasyeru for causative forms. However, while Japanese inflection differs between consonant versus vowel ending verbs, the Yilan Creole suffix does not.[7]
复合词
编辑Type 1: Atayal-derived word + Atayal-derived word (e.g., hopa-la’i)
Type 2: Atayal-derived word + Japanese-derived word (e.g., hopa-tenki)
Type 3: Japanese-derived word + Atayal-derived word (e.g., naka-lukus, kako-balay)
Type 4: Japanese-derived word + Japanese-derived word (e.g., naka-pangcyu, unme-zyoto)
While Type 1 compound words occur in Atayal, Japanese does not have occurrences of Type 4 compound words in its own language, suggesting that Type 2, 3, and 4 compound words are creations of Yilan Creole.[7]
代名词
编辑语言
|
寒溪语代名词 | 日语对应代名词 | 泰雅语对应代名词 |
---|---|---|---|
第一人称单数 | wa / waha | わたし watashi | 无 |
第一人称复数 | watati / wahatati | わたしたち watashitachi | 无 |
第二人称单数 | su / anta | あなた anata | -su'(第二人称单数附著形式) |
第二人称复数 | antatati | あなたたち anatatachi | 无 |
第三人称单数 | hiya / zibun / zin / are | あかれ kare/かのじょ kanojyo | hiya'(第三人称单数中性格) |
第三人称复数 | zintati / zibuntati / aretati | あのかた anokata/あかれたち karetachi/かのじょたち kanojyotachi | 无 |
由此可见,寒溪语的代名词大多源自日语,少数源自泰雅语。与其上层语言不同的是,寒溪语代名词并不像泰雅语包含式、排除式之别,也不像日语区分性别或使用敬语[7]。表中一些日语词源单词并没有人称代词的功能,如“あれ are”为远距指示代词,寒溪语则做为第三人称单数代词之用。
指示词
编辑寒溪语 | 汉语 | 日语词源 |
---|---|---|
koti | 这里 | こっち kotti |
asoko | 那里 | あそこ asoko |
kore | 这个 | これ kore |
are | 那个 | あれ are |
形容词与副词
编辑寒溪语的形容词和副词有源于日语、也有源于泰雅语的,其中表达颜色和主观感受的形容词多为泰雅语词汇。[5]但与日语不同,寒溪语的形容词没有屈折变化,时间则由时态副词表示。[5] Adjectives in Yilan Creole may also act as adverbs when modifying verbs. For example, the word lokah ‘good, strong’ “functions as an adjective when describing anta ‘you’ in the phrase lokah anta ‘ you (are) strong’ … while lokah functions as an adverb as in lokah benkyo ‘to study hard’”.[5]
文字
编辑寒溪语并没有规范的正写法;一些研究资料在转写时,源于日语的单词使用训令式罗马字书写,源于汉语的单词以汉语拼音书写,其馀则以及泰雅语拉丁字母书写。[5][20]
使用状况
编辑根据一位1974年出生的寒溪语母语者,其词汇库中有70%为日语来源、30%为泰雅语,而其文法则和两种语言都不太相似[10]
注解
编辑参考资料
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 洪惟仁; 许世融. 宜蘭地區的語言分佈 (PDF). 东华大学原住民族学院-台湾的语言方言分布与族群迁徙工作坊: 国立台中教育大学. 2009-03-23. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-06-13).
- ^ 洪惟仁. 宜蘭地區的語言分佈與語言地盤的變遷 (PDF). 台湾原住民族研究季刊: 1–42.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Yilan Creole Japanese. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 洪惟仁. 臺灣的語種分佈與區劃. 人文与社会科学简讯. [2013年3月、第14卷2期].
- ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 Peng Qiu. A preliminary investigation of Yilan Creole in Taiwan: discussing predicate position in Yilan Creole (PDF) (文学硕士论文). University of Alberta.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 简月真(Yueh-Chen Chien); 真田信治(Shinji Sanada). Yilan Creole of the Atayal People in Eastern Taiwan/東台灣泰雅族的宜蘭克里奧爾. 台湾原住民族研究季刊: 75–89.
- ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 Zeitoun, E., Teng, S. F., & Wu, J. J. (Eds.). (2015). New advances in Formosan linguistics. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Retrieved March 09, 2017, from http://pacling.anu.edu.au/materials/SAL/APL017-SAL003.pdf#page=539
- ^ 娃丹/部拉路扬. 泰雅寒溪方言 要求族語納入認證範圍. 原住民新闻杂志 - 【原住民新闻】. 2006-04-22.
- ^ 族語認證明年排除寒溪泰雅語. 台湾原住民族资讯资源网.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Chien Yuehchen (简月真); 真田信治 (Sanada Shinji). Yilan Creole in Taiwan / 東台灣泰雅族的宜蘭克里奧爾文. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25:2. 2010: 350–357. (原始内容存档于2018-08-07).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Homma, N. (n.d.). Vestiges of Japanese Colonialism in Taiwan. 222-227. Retrieved March 09, 2017, from http://archive.kyotogakuen.ac.jp/~o_human/pdf/association/2012/i2012_05.pdf
- ^ Parker, J. D. , 2012-04-22 "Japanese language education in colonized Taiwan: Language and assimilation" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the 56th Annual Conference of the Comparative and International Education Society, Caribe Hilton, San Juan, Puerto Rico <Not Available>. 2014-12-12 from http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p556741_index.html
- ^ Formation Processes of Japanese Language Varieties and Creoles | NINJAL. (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/english/research/project/a/creoles/
- ^ Spoken L1 Language: Yilan Creole Japanese. (原始内容存档于2019-06-23).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Otani, Y., & Huang, L. M. (2009). Japanese impact on Han-xi Creole—a phonological perspective. Proceedings from NCL' 09: The tenth Taiwan National Conference on Linguistics. Taiwan: Yuan Ze University.
- ^ 李壬癸. The Phonological Rules of Atayal Dialects. Bulletin of the institute of history and philology academia sinica/中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊 (Taipei: cademia Sinica). 1980, 51(2): 349–405.
- ^ Tsujimura, N. (2007). An introduction to Japanese linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
- ^ Chien, Yuehchen; Shinji Sanada. Taiwan no giran kureōru ni okeru hiteiji: -nay to -ng no henyō o megutte [Negation in Taiwan’s Yilan Creole: Focusing on -nay and -ng. 《言语研究》 (日本言语学会): 73–87.<
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 简月真(CHIEN Yuehchen). Yilan Creole Case Marking/宜蘭クレオールの格表示 (PDF).
- ^ 行政院原住民族委员会. 原住民族語言書寫系統 (PDF). 2005-12-15 [2018-05-07]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-11-27) (中文(繁体)).
外部链结
编辑