阿普唑侖
阿普唑侖(INN:alprazolam),商品名贊安諾(Xanax),是三唑並苯二氮䓬類中的中效速效鎮靜劑,它是與三唑環融合的苯二氮䓬類 (BZD)[1]。它最常用於焦慮症的短期管理,特別是恐慌症或廣泛性焦慮症 (GAD)[2]。其他用途包括治療化療引起的噁心,以及其他治療方法[3]。GAD 改善一般在一周內發生[4][5]。阿普唑侖通常口服[3]。
臨床資料 | |
---|---|
讀音 | /ælˈpræzəlæm/ 或 /ælˈpreɪzəlæm/ |
商品名 | Xanax, Xanor, Niravam, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a684001 |
核准狀況 | |
懷孕分級 |
|
依賴性 | High |
給藥途徑 | 口服 |
藥物類別 | Benzodiazepine |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 |
|
藥物動力學數據 | |
生物利用度 | 80–90% |
血漿蛋白結合率 | 80% |
藥物代謝 | 代謝,via cytochrome P450 3A4 |
代謝產物 | Alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, 4-hydroxyalprazolam, beta-hydroxyalprazolam |
藥效起始時間 | 20~60分鐘 |
生物半衰期 | 完全釋放:11~13小時 緩釋:11~16小時 |
作用時間 | 完全釋放:6小時 緩釋:11.3小時 |
排泄途徑 | Kidney |
識別資訊 | |
| |
CAS號 | 28981-97-7 |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.044.849 |
化學資訊 | |
化學式 | C17H13ClN4 |
摩爾質量 | 308.77 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
| |
|
常見的副作用包括嗜睡、抑鬱、頭痛、感覺疲倦、口乾和記憶力問題。[3]一些鎮靜和疲倦可能會在幾天內得到改善。[6]由於擔心誤用,一些人不推薦阿普唑侖作為恐慌症的初始治療。[7]如果突然減少使用,可能會出現戒斷或反彈症狀;[3]可能需要在數周或數月內逐漸減少劑量。[4]其他罕見的風險包括自殺[8][9]和全因死亡風險增加兩倍。[10]阿普唑侖與其他苯二氮䓬類藥物一樣,通過GABAA受體起作用。[3]
阿普唑侖於1971年獲得專利,並於1981年在美國獲准用於醫療用途。[3][11]阿普唑侖是附表IV受控物質,是一種常見的濫用藥物。[12]它可作為通用名藥物使用。[2]2019年,它是美國第41位最常用的處方藥,有超過1700萬張處方。[13][14]
醫療用途
編輯阿普唑侖主要用於短期治療焦慮症、恐慌症和化療引起的噁心。[4]阿普唑侖適用於治療成人廣泛性焦慮症和恐慌症伴或不伴廣場恐懼症。[2]FDA標籤建議醫生應定期重新評估藥物的有效性。[2]
恐慌症
編輯阿普唑侖可有效緩解中度至重度焦慮和驚恐發作。[2]然而,自從開發出選擇性5-羥色胺再攝取抑制劑以來,它並不是一線治療。由於對耐受性、依賴性和濫用的擔憂,澳大利亞不推薦阿普唑侖用於治療恐慌症。[7]大多數證據表明,阿普唑侖治療恐慌症的益處僅持續四到十周。 然而,恐慌症患者已經接受了長達八個月的公開治療,而沒有明顯的益處損失。[2]
阿普唑侖被世界生物精神病學聯合會 (WFSBP) 推薦用於沒有耐受或依賴史的恐慌症難治性病例。[15]
焦慮症
編輯與抑鬱症相關的焦慮對阿普唑侖有反應。臨床研究表明,對焦慮症的療效僅限於 4 個月。[2]然而,對阿普唑侖抗抑鬱特性的研究很差,只評估了它對抑鬱症的短期影響。[16]在一項研究中,一些長期高劑量服用阿普唑侖的人出現了可逆性抑鬱症。[17]在美國,阿普唑侖被FDA批准用於治療焦慮症(與APA診斷和統計手冊DSM-IV-TR 診斷廣泛性焦慮症最接近的病症)或短期緩解焦慮症狀。在英國,阿普唑侖被推薦用於嚴重急性焦慮症的短期治療(2-4周)。[2][18][19]
副作用
編輯可能的副作用包括:
- 失控(Disinhibition)[20]
- 性慾變化[21]
- 黃疸(非常罕見)[22]
- 幻覺(罕見)[23]
- 口乾(不頻繁)[24]
- 失調、鬆弛發音[25]
- 自殺意念(罕見)[26][27]
- 尿瀦留(不頻繁)[28]
- 疹、通氣不足(respiratory depression)、便秘[29][30]
- 順行性遺忘症[31] 及注意集中等問題
- 睡意(Somnolence)、暈眩(dizziness)、頭重腳輕(lightheadedness)、疲倦、不穩定及受損的運動協調、眩暈(vertigo)[29][30]
異常反應
編輯使用阿普唑侖有可能會發生下面的異常反應:
- 視覺變化
- 醉酒感
- 興奮
- 侵略[32]
- 憤怒、敵意[20]
- 震顫(Fasciculations)及手震[33]
- 瘋狂(Mania)、躁動(Psychomotor agitation)、肺熱(hyperactivity)、慌張(restlessness)[34][35][36]
食品和藥物相互作用
編輯阿普唑崙的代謝主要是通過CYP3A4進行[37],結合CYP3A4臨床上,抑製劑諸如西咪替丁、紅黴素、氟西汀、氟伏沙明、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、奈法唑酮(Nefazodone)、丙氧芬(Propoxyphene)、利托那韋(Ritonavir)等可以延緩阿普唑崙的肝清除率,但是這可能導致阿普唑崙在人體內部的過度積纍[38],如此很有可能會導致其不良反應更加的惡化[39][40]。
參考資料
編輯- ^ Goldberg, Ray. Drugs across the spectrum 6th. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2010. ISBN 978-0-495-55793-7. OCLC 429504239.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 XANAX- alprazolam tablet. DailyMed. [2022-06-20]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-17).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Alprazolam Monograph for Professionals. Drugs.com. [2022-06-20]. (原始內容存檔於2010-12-07) (英語).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Verster, Joris C.; Volkerts, Edmund R. Clinical pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and behavioral toxicity of alprazolam: a review of the literature. CNS drug reviews. 2004, 10 (1) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1080-563X. PMC 6741717 . PMID 14978513. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00003.x. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-23).
- ^ Tampi, Rajesh R. Comprehensive review of psychiatry. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7817-7176-4. OCLC 191317979.
- ^ Marder, Stephen R.; Pavuluri, Mani N. Principles and practice of psychopharmacotherapy 5th. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN 1-4511-2502-X. OCLC 703840461.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Moylan, Steven; Giorlando, Francesco; Nordfjærn, Trond; Berk, Michael. The role of alprazolam for the treatment of panic disorder in Australia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2012-03, 46 (3) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1440-1614. PMID 22391278. doi:10.1177/0004867411432074. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-21).
- ^ Dodds, Tyler J. Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature. The primary care companion for CNS disorders. 2017-03-02, 19 (2) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 2155-7780. PMID 28257172. doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-16).
- ^ McCall, W. Vaughn; Benca, Ruth M.; Rosenquist, Peter B.; Riley, Mary Anne; McCloud, Laryssa; Newman, Jill C.; Case, Doug; Rumble, Meredith; Krystal, Andrew D. Hypnotic Medications and Suicide: Risk, Mechanisms, Mitigation, and the FDA. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2017-01-01, 174 (1) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1535-7228. PMC 5205566 . PMID 27609243. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030336. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-23).
- ^ Xu, Kevin Y.; Hartz, Sarah M.; Borodovsky, Jacob T.; Bierut, Laura J.; Grucza, Richard A. Association Between Benzodiazepine Use With or Without Opioid Use and All-Cause Mortality in the United States, 1999-2015. JAMA network open. 2020-12-01, 3 (12) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 7726637 . PMID 33295972. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28557. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-25).
- ^ Fischer, János; Ganellin, C. R. Analogue-based drug discovery. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2006: 536 [2022-06-20]. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5. OCLC 77601762. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-30).
- ^ Ait-Daoud, Nassima; Hamby, Allan Scott; Sharma, Sana; Blevins, Derek. A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal. Journal of Addiction Medicine. 2018 Jan/Feb, 12 (1) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1935-3227. PMC 5846112 . PMID 28777203. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-01).
- ^ The Top 300 of 2019. ClinCalc. [2022-06-20]. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-18).
- ^ Alprazolam - Drug Usage Statistics, ClinCalc DrugStats Database. ClinCalc. [2022-06-20]. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-12).
- ^ Bandelow, Borwin; Zohar, Josef; Hollander, Eric; Kasper, Siegfried; Möller, Hans-Jürgen; World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry. 2002-10, 3 (4) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1562-2975. PMID 12516310. doi:10.3109/15622970209150621. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-21).
- ^ van Marwijk, Harm; Allick, Gideon; Wegman, Froukje; Bax, Arjan; Riphagen, Ingrid I. Alprazolam for depression. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012-07-11, (7). ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6769182 . PMID 22786504. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007139.pub2.
- ^ Lydiard, R. B.; Laraia, M. T.; Ballenger, J. C.; Howell, E. F. Emergence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving alprazolam for panic disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987-05, 144 (5) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 3578580. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.5.664. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-04).
- ^ Xanax (alprazolam). Netdoctor. 2015-03-11 [2022-06-20] (英國英語).
- ^ Alprazolam. MedicinesComplete. [2022-06-20]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-06) (英國英語).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Michel, L.; Lang, J. P. Benzodiazépines et passage à l'acte criminel [Benzodiazepines and Forensic Aspects]. Encephale. 2003, 29 (6): 479–485 [9 April 2013]. PMID 15029082. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-14) (法語).
- ^ ALPRAZOLAM – ORAL (Xanax) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions. Medicinenet.com. [2 August 2007]. (原始內容存檔於25 August 2007).
- ^ Noyes, R.; DuPont, R. L.; Pecknold, J. C.; Rifkin, A.; Rubin, R. T.; Swinson, R. P.; et al. Alprazolam in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Results from a Multicenter Trial. II. Patient Acceptance, Side Effects, and Safety. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988, 45 (5): 423–428. PMID 3358644. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800290037005.
- ^ Complete Alprazolam Information. Drugs.com. [2 August 2007]. (原始內容存檔於5 August 2007).
- ^ Elie, R.; Lamontagne, Y. Alprazolam and Diazepam in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1984, 4 (3): 125–129. PMID 6145726. doi:10.1097/00004714-198406000-00002.
- ^ Cassano, G. B.; Toni, C.; Petracca, A.; Deltito, J.; Benkert, O.; Curtis, G.; et al. Adverse Effects Associated with the Short-term Treatment of Panic Disorder with Imipramine, Alprazolam or Placebo. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994, 4 (1): 47–53. PMID 8204996. doi:10.1016/0924-977X(94)90314-X.
- ^ Hori, A. Pharmacotherapy for Personality Disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998, 52 (1): 13–19. PMID 9682928. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb00967.x.
- ^ Kravitz, H. M.; Fawcett, J.; Newman, A. J. Alprazolam and Depression: A Review of Risks and Benefits. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993, 54 (Supplement): 78–84; discussion 85. PMID 8262892.
- ^ Alprazolam Side Effects, Interactions and Information. Drugs.com. [2 August 2007]. (原始內容存檔於19 August 2007).
- ^ 29.0 29.1 Rawson, N. S.; Rawson, M. J. Acute Adverse Event Signalling Scheme Using the Saskatchewan Administrative Health Care Utilization Datafiles: Results for Two Benzodiazepines. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999, 6 (3): 159–166. PMID 10495368.
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Alprazolam – Complete Medical Information Regarding This Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Medicinenet.com. MedicineNet. [2 August 2007]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-09).
- ^ Barbee, J. G. Memory, Benzodiazepines, and Anxiety: Integration of Theoretical and Clinical Perspectives. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993, 54 (Suppl): 86–97; discussion 98–101. PMID 8262893.
- ^ Rapaport, M.; Braff, D. L. Alprazolam and Hostility. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985, 142 (1): 146. PMID 2857070.
- ^ Béchir, M.; Schwegler, K.; Chenevard, R.; Binggeli, C.; Caduff, C.; Büchi, S.; et al. Anxiolytic Therapy with Alprazolam Increases Muscle Sympathetic Activity in Patients with Panic Disorders. Autonomic Neuroscience. 2007, 134 (1–2): 69–73. PMID 17363337. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2007.01.007.
- ^ Arana, G. W.; Pearlman, C.; Shader, R. I. Alprazolam-Induced Mania: Two Clinical Cases. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985, 142 (3): 368–369. PMID 2857534.
- ^ Strahan, A.; Rosenthal, J.; Kaswan, M.; Winston, A. Three Case Reports of Acute Paroxysmal Excitement Associated with Alprazolam Treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985, 142 (7): 859–861. PMID 2861755.
- ^ Reddy, J.; Khanna, S.; Anand, U.; Banerjee, A. Alprazolam-Induced Hypomania. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1996, 30 (4): 550–552. PMID 8887708. doi:10.3109/00048679609065031.
- ^ Otani, K. Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Benzodiazepines. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2003, 105 (5): 631–642. PMID 12875231 (日語).
- ^ Dresser, G. K.; Spence, J. D.; Bailey, D. G. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Consequences and Clinical Relevance of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibition. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2000, 38 (1): 41–57. PMID 10668858. doi:10.2165/00003088-200038010-00003.
- ^ Greenblatt, D. J.; Wright, C. E. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Alprazolam. Therapeutic Implications. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1993, 24 (6): 453–471. PMID 8513649. doi:10.2165/00003088-199324060-00003.
- ^ Wang, J. S.; Chase, C. L. Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions of the Sedative Hypnotics (PDF). Psychopharmacological Bulletin. 2003, 37 (1): 10–29. PMID 14561946. doi:10.1007/BF01990373. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-07-09).