說明:愛爾蘭語國際音標
![]() | 這頁是維基百科的愛爾蘭語國際音標發音指南。 |
下列圖表展示了國際音標(IPA)在維基百科條目中表示愛爾蘭語發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南,請參見{{IPA-ga}}、{{IPAc-ga}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。
請參閱愛爾蘭語音系以更全面地了解愛爾蘭語的發音。
圖表
編輯寬輔音 | 窄輔音 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | 示例 | 英語及其他語言中的近似發音 | IPA | 示例 | 英語中的近似發音 |
bˠ | bain, scuab | boot | bʲ | béal, cnáib | beautiful |
d̪ˠ | dorn, nead | do (但是為齒音), though (愛爾蘭英語) | dʲ | dearg, cuid | media |
fˠ | fós, graf, pholl | fool | fʲ | fíon, stuif, phríosún | fuel |
ɡ | gasúr, bog | goose | ɟ | geata, carraig | argue |
ɣ | dhorn, ghasúr | 西班牙語 higo | j[2] | dhearg, gheata | yellow |
h[3] | Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc | hand | 不適用 | ||
k | cáis, mac | cart | c | ceist, mic | cube |
l̪ˠ[4] | labhair, balla | filth | l̠ʲ[4] | leabhair, goilleadh | million |
lˠ[4] | fhlaith, bealach | pool | lʲ[4] | fhleasc, goile | leaf |
mˠ | mór, am | moot | mʲ | milis, im | mute |
n̪ˠ[5] | naoi, donna | tenth | n̠ʲ[5] | ní, bainne | inch |
nˠ[5] | dona | noon | nʲ[5] | bainis | opinion |
ŋ | ngasúr | long | ɲ | ngeata | angular |
pˠ | poll, stop | poor | pʲ | príosún, truip | pure |
ɾˠ | barr, carr | rule (但是為閃音) | ɾʲ | fhréamh, tirim | real (但是為閃音) |
sˠ | Sasana, tús, speal | soon | ʃ | sean, cáis | sheet |
t̪ˠ | taisce, ceart | tool (但是為齒音), thorn (愛爾蘭英語) | tʲ | tír, beirt | tune (非yod脫落口音) |
w[6] | bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta | wood 或 voodoo | vʲ | bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín | view |
x | cháis, taoiseach | loch (蘇格蘭英語) | ç | cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh | hue (pronounced strongly) |
IPA | 示例 | 英語中的近似發音 | IPA | 示例 | 英語中的近似發音 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | mac | trap | aː | tá | father |
ɛ | ceist | best | eː | mé, gael | pay |
ɪ | ith, duine | kit | iː | mín, naoi | mean |
ɔ | olc, deoch | core | oː | bó, ceol | roll |
ʊ | dubh, fliuch | good | uː | tú | too |
ə | solas, milis | sofa | 不適用 |
IPA | 示例 | 英語中的近似發音 |
---|---|---|
iə[7] | bia | idea |
uə[7] | fuar | truant |
əi[7] | saghas | light |
əu[7] | leabhar | about |
IPA | 解釋 |
---|---|
ˈ | 主重音 (置於重讀音節前); 通常為第一個音節,芒斯特方言除外 |
ˌ | 次重音 (通常只在合成詞中) |
各類音標系統比較
編輯各類資料中使用的音標系統會與維基百科有出入。例如,長期以來的傳統是不標記軟齶化(「寬」)輔音,但用角分符號標記齶化(「窄」)輔音,但這不是標準的IPA用法。
本節將維基百科使用的IPA系統(基於Ailbhe Ní Chasaide在《國際語音學學會手冊》 (ISBN 0-521-63751-1) 中對愛爾蘭語的描述)與其他資料中使用的音標系統進行比較。
IPA | Ní Chasaide (1999)[8] (Gweedore) |
Quiggin (1906)[9] (Glenties) |
Breatnach (1947)[10] (Ring) |
Ó Sé (2000)[11] (Dingle Peninsula) |
Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[12] (Erris) |
Ó Siadhail (1988)[13] (Cois Fharraige) |
Foclóir Póca (1993)[14] (Lárchanúint) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | æ, α | a | a | a | æ:, a: | a |
aː | æ | α: | a: | ɑː | a: | ɑ: | a: |
bˠ | bˠ | b | b | b | b | b | b |
bʲ | bʲ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ |
c | c | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ |
ç | ç | ç | ç | x′ | ç | x′ | x′ |
d̪ˠ | d̪ˠ | d | d | d | d | d | d |
dʲ | d̠ʲ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ |
eː | e | e: | e: | eː | e: | e: | e: |
ɛ | ɛ | ɛ, e | e | e | e | e | e |
ə | ə | ə | ə | ə, ɪ | ə | ə | ə |
əi | — | αi | əi | ai | əi | ai | ai |
əu | au | αu | əu | ou | əu | au | au |
fˠ | fˠ | f | f | f | f | f | f |
fʲ | fʲ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ |
ɡ | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | g |
ɣ | ɣ | ℊ | γ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | γ |
h | h | h | h, h′ | h | h | h | h |
iː | i | i: | i: | iː | i: | i: | i: |
ɪ | ɪ | ï, i, y | i | i | i | i | i |
iə | ia | iə | iə | iːə | iə | i:ə | iə |
j | j | j | j | ɣ′ | j | ɣ′ | γ′ |
ɟ | ɟ | g′ | g′ | ɡ′ | g′ | g′ | g′ |
k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
l̪ˠ | l̪ˠ | L | l | l | L | L | l |
lˠ | l | l | |||||
l̠ʲ | l̠ʲ | L′ | l′ | l′ | L′ | L′ | l′ |
lʲ | l | l′ | l′ | l′ | |||
mˠ | mˠ | m | m | m | m | m | m |
mʲ | mʲ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ |
n̪ˠ | n̪ˠ | N | n | n | N | N | n |
nˠ | n | n | n | ||||
n̠ʲ | n̠ʲ | N′ | n′ | n′ | N′ | N′ | n′ |
nʲ | n′ | n′ | n′ | ||||
ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ |
ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
oː | o | o:, ɔ: | o: | oː | o: | o: | o: |
ɔ | ʌ | ɔ, o̤ | o | o | o | o | o |
pˠ | pˠ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
pʲ | pʲ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ |
ɾˠ | ɾˠ | r, R | r | r | r | r | r |
ɾʲ | ɾʲ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ |
sˠ | sˠ | s | s | s | s | s | s |
ʃ | ɕ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | s′ | s′ |
t̪ˠ | t̪ˠ | t | t | t | t | t | t |
tʲ | t̠ʲ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ |
uː | u | u: | u: | uː | u: | u: | u: |
ʊ | ɤ | U | u | u | u | u | u |
uə | ua | uə | uə | uːə | uə | u:ə | uə |
vʲ | vʲ | v | v′ | v′ | v′ | w′ | v′ |
w | w | w | v | v | w | w | v |
x | x | χ | x | x | x | x | x |
注釋
編輯- ^ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ› (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e› and ‹i›.
- ^ Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects.
- ^ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as [l̪ˠ], and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as [lʲ]. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as [l].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
- ^ [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯].
- ^ Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
- ^ Quiggin, E. C. A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1906.
- ^ Breatnach, Risteard B. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. ISBN 0-901282-50-2.
- ^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid. Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. 2000. ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (Irish).
- ^ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1968. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
- ^ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál. Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
- ^ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.
外部連結
編輯- Irish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Irish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription
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