維基百科

說明:愛爾蘭語國際音標

下列圖表展示了國際音標（IPA）在維基百科條目中表示愛爾蘭語發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南，請參見{{IPA-ga}}、{{IPAc-ga}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。

請參閱愛爾蘭語音系以更全面地了解愛爾蘭語的發音。

圖表 編輯

輔音[1]
寬輔音 窄輔音
IPA 示例 英語及其他語言中的近似發音 IPA 示例 英語中的近似發音
bˠ bain, scuab boot bʲ béal, cnáib beautiful
d̪ˠ dorn, nead do (但是為齒音), though (愛爾蘭英語) dʲ dearg, cuid media
fˠ fós, graf, pholl fool fʲ fíon, stuif, phríosún fuel
ɡ gasúr, bog goose ɟ geata, carraig argue
ɣ dhorn, ghasúr 西班牙語 higo j[2] dhearg, gheata yellow
h[3] Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc hand 不適用
k cáis, mac cart c ceist, mic cube
l̪ˠ[4] labhair, balla filth l̠ʲ[4] leabhair, goilleadh million
lˠ[4] fhlaith, bealach pool lʲ[4] fhleasc, goile leaf
mˠ mór, am moot mʲ milis, im mute
n̪ˠ[5] naoi, donna tenth n̠ʲ[5] ní, bainne inch
nˠ[5] dona noon nʲ[5] bainis opinion
ŋ ngasúr long ɲ ngeata angular
pˠ poll, stop poor pʲ príosún, truip pure
ɾˠ barr, carr rule (但是為閃音) ɾʲ fhréamh, tirim real (但是為閃音)
sˠ Sasana, tús, speal soon ʃ sean, cáis sheet
t̪ˠ taisce, ceart tool (但是為齒音), thorn (愛爾蘭英語) tʲ tír, beirt tune (非yod脫落（英語：英语复辅音音系史）口音)
w[6] bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta wood 或 voodoo vʲ bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín view
x cháis, taoiseach loch (蘇格蘭英語) ç cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh hue (pronounced strongly)
元音
IPA 示例 英語中的近似發音 IPA 示例 英語中的近似發音
a mac trap aː tá father
ɛ ceist best eː mé, gael pay
ɪ ith, duine kit iː mín, naoi mean
ɔ olc, deoch core oː bó, ceol roll
ʊ dubh, fliuch good uː tú too
ə solas, milis sofa 不適用
雙元音
IPA 示例 英語中的近似發音
iə[7] bia idea
uə[7] fuar truant
əi[7] saghas light
əu[7] leabhar about
超音段音位
IPA 解釋
ˈ 主重音 (置於重讀音節前)；
通常為第一個音節，芒斯特方言（英語：Munster Irish）除外
ˌ 次重音 (通常只在合成詞中)

各類音標系統比較 編輯

各類資料中使用的音標系統會與維基百科有出入。例如，長期以來的傳統是不標記軟齶化（「寬」）輔音，但用角分符號標記齶化（「窄」）輔音，但這不是標準的IPA用法。

本節將維基百科使用的IPA系統（基於Ailbhe Ní Chasaide在《國際語音學學會手冊》 (ISBN 0-521-63751-1) 中對愛爾蘭語的描述）與其他資料中使用的音標系統進行比較。

IPA Ní Chasaide (1999)[8]
(Gweedore) 		Quiggin (1906)[9]
(Glenties) 		Breatnach (1947)[10]
(Ring) 		Ó Sé (2000)[11]
(Dingle Peninsula) 		Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[12]
(Erris) 		Ó Siadhail (1988)[13]
(Cois Fharraige) 		Foclóir Póca (1993)[14]
(Lárchanúint)
a a æ, α a a a æ:, a: a
aː æ α: a: ɑː a: ɑ: a:
bˠ bˠ b b b b b b
bʲ bʲ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′
c c k′ k′ k′ k′ k′ k′
ç ç ç ç x′ ç x′ x′
d̪ˠ d̪ˠ d d d d d d
dʲ d̠ʲ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′
eː e e: e: eː e: e: e:
ɛ ɛ ɛ, e e e e e e
ə ə ə ə ə, ɪ ə ə ə
əi — αi əi ai əi ai ai
əu au αu əu ou əu au au
fˠ fˠ f f f f f f
fʲ fʲ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′
ɡ ɡ g g ɡ g g g
ɣ ɣ ℊ γ ɣ ɣ ɣ γ
h h h h, h′ h h h h
iː i i: i: iː i: i: i:
ɪ ɪ ï, i, y i i i i i
iə ia iə iə iːə iə i:ə iə
j j j j ɣ′ j ɣ′ γ′
ɟ ɟ g′ g′ ɡ′ g′ g′ g′
k k k k k k k k
l̪ˠ l̪ˠ L l l L L l
lˠ l l
l̠ʲ l̠ʲ L′ l′ l′ L′ L′ l′
lʲ l l′ l′ l′
mˠ mˠ m m m m m m
mʲ mʲ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′
n̪ˠ n̪ˠ N n n N N n
nˠ n n n
n̠ʲ n̠ʲ N′ n′ n′ N′ N′ n′
nʲ n′ n′ n′
ɲ ɲ ɲ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′
ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ
oː o o:, ɔ: o: oː o: o: o:
ɔ ʌ ɔ, o̤ o o o o o
pˠ pˠ p p p p p p
pʲ pʲ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′
ɾˠ ɾˠ r, R r r r r r
ɾʲ ɾʲ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′
sˠ sˠ s s s s s s
ʃ ɕ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ s′ s′
t̪ˠ t̪ˠ t t t t t t
tʲ t̠ʲ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′
uː u u: u: uː u: u: u:
ʊ ɤ U u u u u u
uə ua uə uə uːə uə u:ə uə
vʲ vʲ v v′ v′ v′ w′ v′
w w w v v w w v
x x χ x x x x x

註釋 編輯

  1. ^ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ› (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e› and ‹i›.
  2. ^ Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects.
  3. ^ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as [l̪ˠ], and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as [lʲ]. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as [l].
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
  6. ^ [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯].
  8. ^ Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1. 
  9. ^ Quiggin, E. C. A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1906. 
  10. ^ Breatnach, Risteard B. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. ISBN 0-901282-50-2. 
  11. ^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid. Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. 2000. ISBN 0-946452-97-0 （Irish）. 
  12. ^ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1968. ISBN 0-901282-02-2. 
  13. ^ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál. Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-300-04224-8. 
  14. ^ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8. 

外部連結 編輯

比較
入門指南
取自 "https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:爱尔兰语国际音标&oldid=78879311"