帮助:爱尔兰语国际音标
![]() | 这页是维基百科的爱尔兰语国际音标发音指南。 |
下列图表展示了国际音标(IPA)在维基百科条目中表示爱尔兰语发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南,请参见{{IPA-ga}}、{{IPAc-ga}}与Wikipedia:格式手册/音标 § Notes。
请参阅爱尔兰语音系以更全面地了解爱尔兰语的发音。
图表
编辑宽辅音 | 窄辅音 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | 示例 | 英语及其他语言中的近似发音 | IPA | 示例 | 英语中的近似发音 |
bˠ | bain, scuab | boot | bʲ | béal, cnáib | beautiful |
d̪ˠ | dorn, nead | do (但是为齿音), though (爱尔兰英语) | dʲ | dearg, cuid | media |
fˠ | fós, graf, pholl | fool | fʲ | fíon, stuif, phríosún | fuel |
ɡ | gasúr, bog | goose | ɟ | geata, carraig | argue |
ɣ | dhorn, ghasúr | 西班牙语 higo | j[2] | dhearg, gheata | yellow |
h[3] | Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc | hand | 不适用 | ||
k | cáis, mac | cart | c | ceist, mic | cube |
l̪ˠ[4] | labhair, balla | filth | l̠ʲ[4] | leabhair, goilleadh | million |
lˠ[4] | fhlaith, bealach | pool | lʲ[4] | fhleasc, goile | leaf |
mˠ | mór, am | moot | mʲ | milis, im | mute |
n̪ˠ[5] | naoi, donna | tenth | n̠ʲ[5] | ní, bainne | inch |
nˠ[5] | dona | noon | nʲ[5] | bainis | opinion |
ŋ | ngasúr | long | ɲ | ngeata | angular |
pˠ | poll, stop | poor | pʲ | príosún, truip | pure |
ɾˠ | barr, carr | rule (但是为闪音) | ɾʲ | fhréamh, tirim | real (但是为闪音) |
sˠ | Sasana, tús, speal | soon | ʃ | sean, cáis | sheet |
t̪ˠ | taisce, ceart | tool (但是为齿音), thorn (爱尔兰英语) | tʲ | tír, beirt | tune (非yod脱落口音) |
w[6] | bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta | wood 或 voodoo | vʲ | bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín | view |
x | cháis, taoiseach | loch (苏格兰英语) | ç | cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh | hue (pronounced strongly) |
IPA | 示例 | 英语中的近似发音 | IPA | 示例 | 英语中的近似发音 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | mac | trap | aː | tá | father |
ɛ | ceist | best | eː | mé, gael | pay |
ɪ | ith, duine | kit | iː | mín, naoi | mean |
ɔ | olc, deoch | core | oː | bó, ceol | roll |
ʊ | dubh, fliuch | good | uː | tú | too |
ə | solas, milis | sofa | 不适用 |
IPA | 示例 | 英语中的近似发音 |
---|---|---|
iə[7] | bia | idea |
uə[7] | fuar | truant |
əi[7] | saghas | light |
əu[7] | leabhar | about |
IPA | 解释 |
---|---|
ˈ | 主重音 (置于重读音节前); 通常为第一个音节,芒斯特方言除外 |
ˌ | 次重音 (通常只在合成词中) |
各类音标系统比较
编辑各类资料中使用的音标系统会与维基百科有出入。例如,长期以来的传统是不标记软腭化(“宽”)辅音,但用角分符号标记腭化(“窄”)辅音,但这不是标准的IPA用法。
本节将维基百科使用的IPA系统(基于Ailbhe Ní Chasaide在《国际语音学学会手册》 (ISBN 0-521-63751-1) 中对爱尔兰语的描述)与其他资料中使用的音标系统进行比较。
IPA | Ní Chasaide (1999)[8] (Gweedore) |
Quiggin (1906)[9] (Glenties) |
Breatnach (1947)[10] (Ring) |
Ó Sé (2000)[11] (Dingle Peninsula) |
Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[12] (Erris) |
Ó Siadhail (1988)[13] (Cois Fharraige) |
Foclóir Póca (1993)[14] (Lárchanúint) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | æ, α | a | a | a | æ:, a: | a |
aː | æ | α: | a: | ɑː | a: | ɑ: | a: |
bˠ | bˠ | b | b | b | b | b | b |
bʲ | bʲ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ |
c | c | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ |
ç | ç | ç | ç | x′ | ç | x′ | x′ |
d̪ˠ | d̪ˠ | d | d | d | d | d | d |
dʲ | d̠ʲ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ |
eː | e | e: | e: | eː | e: | e: | e: |
ɛ | ɛ | ɛ, e | e | e | e | e | e |
ə | ə | ə | ə | ə, ɪ | ə | ə | ə |
əi | — | αi | əi | ai | əi | ai | ai |
əu | au | αu | əu | ou | əu | au | au |
fˠ | fˠ | f | f | f | f | f | f |
fʲ | fʲ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ |
ɡ | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | g |
ɣ | ɣ | ℊ | γ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | γ |
h | h | h | h, h′ | h | h | h | h |
iː | i | i: | i: | iː | i: | i: | i: |
ɪ | ɪ | ï, i, y | i | i | i | i | i |
iə | ia | iə | iə | iːə | iə | i:ə | iə |
j | j | j | j | ɣ′ | j | ɣ′ | γ′ |
ɟ | ɟ | g′ | g′ | ɡ′ | g′ | g′ | g′ |
k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
l̪ˠ | l̪ˠ | L | l | l | L | L | l |
lˠ | l | l | |||||
l̠ʲ | l̠ʲ | L′ | l′ | l′ | L′ | L′ | l′ |
lʲ | l | l′ | l′ | l′ | |||
mˠ | mˠ | m | m | m | m | m | m |
mʲ | mʲ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ |
n̪ˠ | n̪ˠ | N | n | n | N | N | n |
nˠ | n | n | n | ||||
n̠ʲ | n̠ʲ | N′ | n′ | n′ | N′ | N′ | n′ |
nʲ | n′ | n′ | n′ | ||||
ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ |
ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
oː | o | o:, ɔ: | o: | oː | o: | o: | o: |
ɔ | ʌ | ɔ, o̤ | o | o | o | o | o |
pˠ | pˠ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
pʲ | pʲ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ |
ɾˠ | ɾˠ | r, R | r | r | r | r | r |
ɾʲ | ɾʲ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ |
sˠ | sˠ | s | s | s | s | s | s |
ʃ | ɕ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | s′ | s′ |
t̪ˠ | t̪ˠ | t | t | t | t | t | t |
tʲ | t̠ʲ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ |
uː | u | u: | u: | uː | u: | u: | u: |
ʊ | ɤ | U | u | u | u | u | u |
uə | ua | uə | uə | uːə | uə | u:ə | uə |
vʲ | vʲ | v | v′ | v′ | v′ | w′ | v′ |
w | w | w | v | v | w | w | v |
x | x | χ | x | x | x | x | x |
注释
编辑- ^ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ› (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e› and ‹i›.
- ^ Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects.
- ^ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as [l̪ˠ], and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as [lʲ]. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as [l].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
- ^ [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯].
- ^ Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
- ^ Quiggin, E. C. A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1906.
- ^ Breatnach, Risteard B. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. ISBN 0-901282-50-2.
- ^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid. Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. 2000. ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (Irish).
- ^ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1968. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
- ^ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál. Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
- ^ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.
外部链接
编辑- Irish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Irish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription
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