廣陵事變
廣陵事變是三國時期224年和225年曹魏和東吳之間的兩場軍事對抗。儘管當時衝突雙方被認為將發生水戰,卻並無水戰交鋒。[4]
廣陵事變 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
三國戰事的一部分 | |||||||
| |||||||
參戰方 | |||||||
曹魏 | 東吳 | ||||||
指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
曹丕 |
孫權 徐盛 | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
100,000+[1][2][3] |
不明(500+)
|
背景
編輯222年,曹魏皇帝曹丕要求220年已名義稱臣成為其藩王的吳主孫權送兒子孫登為人質以示忠誠。但孫權拒絕,與曹丕決裂。222—224年間,曹丕因此多次下令攻打孫權,但最終未果。224年末,曹丕從全國調集十萬軍隊,命他們駐紮在廣陵,準備大舉進攻東吳都城建業(今江蘇南京)。[3]
過程
編輯224年七月,曹丕幸許昌,準備大舉伐吳。侍中辛毗勸諫認為不是時候,曹丕不聽。曹丕知道自己如果仍從河道狹窄的長江上游攻吳,仍將失敗。但他知道廣陵路寬,可壓制孫權軍。八月,曹丕留尚書僕射司馬懿鎮許昌,親自治水軍,九月至廣陵。同年稍早,吳人很害怕,在安東將軍徐盛建議下,沿長江南岸從建業到江乘都築上圍牆,建籬笆,並在牆上設置假箭樓,以防遭到曹魏的水上進攻。[5]這些工程經歷了一晚上就完成了。吳人又在江上設了很多艦船。江水上漲,曹丕隔江望見,認為東吳有人才,未可圖。曹丕的船遭到暴風,幾乎翻船。群臣大都以為孫權會親自來戰,但侍中劉曄不以為然。孫權果然沒有來,曹丕於是退軍。征東大將軍曹休上表報說吳投降者說孫權在濡須口,中領軍衛臻認為是假情報,經查,這一消息果然是偽造的。[6][7][8][9]十月,曹丕回許昌。
225年三月,曹丕又有舟師伐吳的打算,宮正(御史中丞)鮑勛勸諫,被貶為治書執法。太尉賈詡、行軍師辛毗的勸諫也無果。五月,曹丕到譙。因利成郡發生兵變,曹丕直到平亂後,八月才以舟師入淮。尚書蔣濟上表稱水路難通,曹丕不聽。十月,曹丕行幸廣陵故城閱兵,士兵十餘萬,旌旗數百里,和建業隔長江相對。孫權也調集水軍阻止曹魏入侵。魏軍到精湖,前將軍滿寵為帥率軍在前,與敵軍隔水相望。滿寵上書,並對眾將說:「今天朝着的風非常猛烈,賊軍必定過來火攻,大家要作好戒備。」眾軍部隊都警戒。夜半時分,吳軍果然派遣十部人馬,趁着夜色進行火攻,滿寵衝擊突襲而大破敵軍。[10]但相比吳水軍的規模,曹丕更擔憂天氣。時值嚴冬,大寒,結冰,水師難以進軍。[11]曹丕目睹吳軍的防禦和自身的情境,嘆道:「唉!這真是上天要分隔南北啊。」下令諸軍撤離廣陵寨。[12]魏軍撤退路過精湖時,湖水有些乾涸,曹丕將滯留的船隊交給蔣濟處理,蔣濟開鑿河道又阻截湖水導流河水,成功將船隻導到淮河中。[8]吳揚威將軍、廣陵太守孫韶得知曹丕班師,就派部將高壽率五百敢死隊,半路夜襲曹丕,劫獲曹丕副車羽蓋而歸。[1][2][13][14]
後果
編輯撤軍後,滿寵因功進封南鄉侯。曹丕於226年駕崩。他的繼任者曹叡於228年派曹休在石亭之戰期間攻吳,這在曹叡年間是最後一次。但吳將周魴詐降誘導魏軍進入伏擊圈,擊敗中計的曹休,魏軍因而再敗。此後的24年,魏軍由攻轉守,多次擊退吳入侵。東興之戰戰敗後,魏直至265年魏末帝曹奐禪位建立晉朝代魏的司馬炎時也未能奪取任何江南領土。280年,晉發起滅吳之戰,才終於統一三國。
曹丕因屢次伐吳不果,空耗國力,被劉知幾《史通箋注》譏諷為「臨戎不武」。
註釋及參考文獻
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 《三國志》卷二文帝紀
- ^ 2.0 2.1 《資治通鑑》卷七十
- ^ 3.0 3.1 De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [10 April 2012]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011).
His headquarters were established in the former capital of the commandery, and it was claimed that the army under his command was more than a hundred thousand.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [10 April 2012]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011).
Looking at the unassailable barrier, Cao Pi sighed, "Alas. It is truly the will of Heaven which divides the south from the north." And he gave the order to withdraw.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [10 April 2012]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011).
The Wei forces, however, had evidently gained some surprise, for the defences in that area were weak. A local general, Xu Sheng, organised the preparation of dummy defence walls and turrets along the southern bank of the Yangzi from Jianye downstream to Jiangcheng, and the Wu were also able to concentrate a reasonable fleet to oppose Cao Pi.
- ^ 《三國志》卷二十五辛毗傳
- ^ 《三國志》卷五十五徐盛傳
- ^ 8.0 8.1 《三國志》卷一十四劉曄蔣濟傳
- ^ 《三國志》卷二十二衛臻傳
- ^ 《三國志》卷二十六滿寵傳
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [10 April 2012]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011).
This time Sun Quan's forces were ready for the attack, but far more serious from Cao Pi's point of view was the weather. The winter was harsh and early, the Yangzi was partially frozen, and the ships of Cao Pi were blocked by ridges of ice along the shore, with additional danger from small bergs breaking off and floating with the current
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [10 April 2012]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011).
"Alas. It is truly the will of Heaven which divides the south from the north." And he gave the order to withdraw.
- ^ 《三國志》卷一十二鮑勛傳
- ^ 《三國志》卷四十七孫權傳