蓝鲸
蓝鲸(学名:Balaenoptera musculus)是属于须鲸小目的海洋哺乳动物,也是地球史上已知最大的动物,文献纪录中的最大长度为29.9米,体重达199吨。蓝鲸的身躯瘦长,呈流线型,背部青灰色,下身颜色比较淡。目前已知蓝鲸至少有四个亚种:生活在北大西洋和北太平洋的北方蓝鲸(B. m. musculus);栖息在南冰洋的南极蓝鲸(B. m. intermedia);栖息在印度洋和南太平洋的侏儒蓝鲸(B. m. brevicauda);印度洋的北印度洋蓝鲸(B. m. indica)。在智利附近水域或许还存在第五个亚种。
蓝鲸![]() 化石时期:更新世前期至今,
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一头成年的北方蓝鲸 (B. m. musculus) | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
目: | 偶蹄目 Artiodactyla |
下目: | 鲸下目 Cetacea |
科: | 须鲸科 Balaenopteridae |
属: | 须鲸属 Balaenoptera |
种: | 蓝鲸 B. musculus
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二名法 | |
Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)
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亚种 | |
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蓝鲸的栖息范围 | |
异名 | |
列表
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一般而言,蓝鲸群体会在夏季前往极地附近的捕食点,冬季则返回热带附近的繁殖点。也有证据显示存在全年的定居,以及部分或基于年龄或性别的迁徙。与其他须鲸一样,蓝鲸采取滤食捕食方式,主要以磷虾为食。它们一般单独行动,或组成小团体,除母亲与幼崽外无其它明确的社会关系结构。蓝鲸叫声基本频率在8到25赫兹之间,取决于地区、季节、行为、早晚差异,叫声或有不同。虎鲸是其唯一自然捕食者。
直到20世纪初,地球上几乎每片海域中蓝鲸的数量都相当多。而后捕鲸者的猎杀使牠们几乎灭绝,直到国际捕鲸委员会在1966年开始保育蓝鲸后,它们的数量才逐渐回升。2018年,国际自然保护联盟将蓝鲸列为濒危物种。如今,蓝鲸仍面临许多人类带来的威胁,例如船舶撞击、环境污染、海洋声音污染、气候变化等。
分类和演化
编辑命名
编辑蓝鲸的属名 Balaenoptera 意为须鲸[3],种小名 musculus 来自于拉丁语,有“强健”的意思,但也可以译为“小老鼠”。[4]卡尔·林奈在1758年出版的《自然系统》发表该物种时,可能刻意用了这个带有讽刺意味的双关语。[5][6][7][3]关于蓝鲸最早发表的描述来自罗伯特·西巴德的《Phalainologia Nova》[8],其源于西巴德于1692年在苏格兰福斯湾观察到的鲸鱼群。“蓝鲸”译自其英语名称“blue whale”,语源为挪威语“blåhval”,由改良了捕鲸炮的斯文·福因恩创造。1874年,挪威科学家耶奥格·萨尔斯采用这个名称为其俗名。[9]
其他常见的名称还有西巴德鲸、塞巴氏须鲸,来自蓝鲸的最初描述者罗伯特·西巴德。[8]赫尔曼·梅尔维尔在其小说《白鲸记》中称蓝鲸为硫磺底(英语:sulphur-bottom)[10],因为硅藻附着在蓝鲸的皮肤上,使得牠们的下侧呈现橘棕色或淡黄色,因此其也称为磺底鲸。[7][11]此外还有大蓝鲸(英语:great blue whale)、大北须鲸、巨北须鲸(英语:great northern rorqual)等名称,不过近几十年来这些名称渐渐被人们所遗忘。
分类
编辑虽然蓝鲸通常被归类在须鲸属,但也有学者将牠归类在单型属——蓝鲸属(Sibbaldus)中,不过这种分类方法并没有被其他学者接受。[12][13]至少发现有四个蓝鲸亚种,其中有些还被进一步分为族群集团或“管理单元(英语:management units)”。
蓝鲸的四个亚种分别为:
- 北方蓝鲸(B. m. musculus)
- 北大西洋族群 - 该族群主要活动于新英格兰至加拿大东海岸和格陵兰岛,尤其是夏天的圣劳伦斯湾,有些成员全年都在此活动。它们也在冰岛附近聚集,挪威海亦有它们的身影。有记录它们向西印度群岛、亚速尔群岛和非洲西北部海域迁徙。[14]
- 东北太平洋族群 - 夏天时这个区域的蓝鲸主要在加利福尼亚州附近海域捕食,秋天前往俄勒冈和华盛顿州附近海域,然后在晚些时候继续前往阿拉斯加洋流和阿留申群岛附近。冬天至春天,蓝鲸往南迁徙至墨西哥附近,主要集中在加利福尼亚湾和哥斯达黎加热盖,它们也在此繁殖。[14]
- 中西太平洋族群 - 记录显示,该族群夏天活动于堪察加半岛,有些成员会在此持续活动整年。冬天时他们可能会前往夏威夷海域,也有部分在秋冬时期出现在阿拉斯加湾。[14]
- 北印度洋蓝鲸(B. m. indica):该亚种全年都在印度洋西北部活动,不过也有些成员会在夏秋之间前往克罗泽群岛附近。[14]
- 侏儒蓝鲸(B. m. brevicauda)
- 南极蓝鲸(B. m. intermedia):该亚种主要在南极洲附近海域活动。最远在热带太平洋东部、印度洋中部、澳大利亚西南部、新西兰北部海域记录到它们的身影。[14]
智利附近海域的蓝鲸族群有独特的叫声,并且因为地理分隔导致的遗传分离,它们或许可被归为新的亚种。[15][16][17]智利蓝鲸在东热带太平洋可能与南极亚种和东北大西洋族群有交集。智利蓝鲸与南极亚种基因不同,因此不太可能杂交。但它们与东北大西洋族群遗传差异较小,可能存在基因流动。[18]
演化
编辑
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六种须鲸的系统发生树[19] |
蓝鲸属于须鲸科,这个科的成员还包括座头鲸、塞鲸、布氏鲸与小须鲸。[20] 根据2018年的一项分析,须鲸科大约在1048到498万年前的中新世与其它亲缘物种分离。[19]最早的解剖学现代蓝鲸化石发现于意大利南部,年代约在距今150-250万年的更新世早期。[21]澳大利亚侏儒鲸在末次冰盛期分离,较短的分离时间导致它们的遗传多样性相对较低[22],新西兰蓝鲸的遗传多样性则更低。[23]
对蓝鲸的全基因测序表明,蓝鲸与塞鲸的亲缘最近,与灰鲸为姐妹群。研究还发现在小须鲸与蓝鲸、塞鲸祖先之间存在基因流动。蓝鲸也表现出很高的遗传多样性。[19]
杂交
编辑已知蓝鲸会与长须鲸杂交。最早有记录的蓝鲸与长须鲸的杂交后代是一体长20米的雌性个体,它同时具备蓝鲸和长须鲸的特征,生活在太平洋北部。[24]1984年在西班牙西北海域捕获的一头鲸鱼被发现其父母分别为长须鲸和蓝鲸。[25]
记录有两头长须鲸-蓝鲸杂交后代生活在加拿大圣劳伦斯湾和葡萄牙亚速尔群岛。.[26]冰岛捕鲸公司Hvalur hf在2018年捕杀了一头杂交鲸鱼,DNA测试显示其父亲为长须鲸,母亲为蓝鲸。[27]不过该结果还有待复核,因为国际捕鲸委员会将蓝鲸认定为“保护物种”,捕杀属于必须上报的违规行为,交易它们的肉是非法的。[28]在日本鲸肉市场中也有检测到长须鲸-蓝鲸杂交种。[29]这种杂交物种是可育的。对1986年一头怀孕鲸鱼的分子检测发现,它的母亲是蓝鲸,父亲是长须鲸,它肚中胎儿的父亲是蓝鲸。[30]
数量与分布
编辑数量
编辑自1966年禁止捕杀蓝鲸以来,它们的种群数量趋于稳定并有所上升。根据自苏联停止捕杀蓝鲸后的数据,南极海域的蓝鲸数量平均每年增长7.3%,但其总数仍低于捕鲸活动前的1%。[32]有研究指出冰岛和加利福尼亚州附近的蓝鲸数量也有增长,但该数据没有统计学意义。[33]根据2018的年估算,全球大约有5,000–15,000头成年蓝鲸,总数大约在10,000-25,000头。相比之下,1926年全球大约有140,000头成年蓝鲸。估计如今有约1,000-3,000头蓝鲸生活在北大西洋,3,000-5,000头生活在北太平洋,5,000-8,000生活在南大洋。在南太平洋东部或许还生活有1,000–3,000头蓝鲸和2,000-5,000头侏儒蓝鲸。[34]自1939年起,蓝鲸在南半球受到保护。1959年,根据《国际捕鲸管制公约》,生活在北大西洋的蓝鲸受到保护。1965年,公约保护范围扩展至南大洋,1966年扩展至北太平洋。[35][36]冰岛直到1960年才承认公约在北大西洋对蓝鲸的保护。[37]在美国,蓝鲸受《1973年濒危物种法案》保护。[38]
杜克大学海洋哺乳动物研究者开发维护了BIS-SEAMAP系统(海洋生物地理信息系统 - 巨型脊椎动物族群的空间生态分析,英语:Ocean Biogeographic Information System - Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations),可用以更加精确的检测蓝鲸族群数量。[39]该系统通过对130个来源的收集整理,构建出海洋哺乳动物的活动踪迹。[40]
分布
编辑蓝鲸在全球都有分布,但很少出现在在北冰洋、地中海、鄂霍次克海、白令海。[14]不同亚种(或其下的族群)生活在不同海域,具体参见§ 分类章节。中国附近海域也有蓝鲸出没,2017年在北海市近涠洲岛海域观察到了蓝鲸活动。[41]
最大的蓝鲸集团是位于北太平洋的北方蓝鲸,数量达到了2,000头。它们的分布范围从阿拉斯加至哥斯达黎加,夏天时大多活动于加利福尼亚海域。[42]该群体成员偶尔会走失至太平洋西北部,在堪察加半岛和日本北部海域有观察到少量个体。[43]
大西洋北部也生活有两个北方蓝鲸群体。其一活动于格陵兰、纽芬兰岛、加拿大新斯科舍省、圣劳伦斯湾海域,该群体大约有500个成员。另一群体在春季时活动于亚速尔群岛,六月至八月迁往冰岛,通常认为蓝鲸在这两个火山岛屿间是沿大西洋洋中脊为路线迁徙的。除冰岛外,蓝鲸偶尔也在斯瓦尔巴群岛和扬马延岛被观察到,但这种情况十分罕见。科学家仍不知道它们在哪过冬。生活在北大西洋的蓝鲸总数大约600-1500头。[44]
在南半球生活有两个蓝鲸亚种:南极海域的南极蓝鲸和印度洋的侏儒蓝鲸。南极海域蓝鲸数量约1,100[45]-1,700[32]头。侏儒蓝鲸的数量仍未确定。根据1996年的估算,在马达加斯加南部一小块海域中有424-472头侏儒蓝鲸[46],这表明该亚种数目达数千头。假如此估算正确,那么在全球范围内侏儒蓝鲸的数量可能比人们预想的要多。[47]
另一蓝鲸亚种北印度洋蓝鲸是由爱德华·布莱思在1859年于印度洋北部描述的,但该亚种与侏儒蓝鲸的差异不明显,导致两者常被归为一类。苏联对其叫声的录音显示该亚种雌性个体的体型或与侏儒蓝鲸相当。不过北印度洋蓝鲸和侏儒蓝鲸的繁殖期相差六个月。[48]
这些族群的迁徙习性未有明确了解。夏季有在印度洋(阿曼、斯里兰卡、马尔代夫)观测到侏儒蓝鲸的活动,在此它们可以形成一个独立群体。[48]此外,在智利与秘鲁海域也有独立的蓝鲸群。有些南极蓝鲸会在冬天前往大西洋东南部,而其叫声偶尔也在秘鲁、澳洲西部海域以及印度洋北部被监测到。[48]最近在智利南部奇洛埃岛的科尔科瓦多湾发现了一个蓝鲸食物聚集区。自那时起,鲸豚保育中心与智利海军合作开展了蓝鲸的研究与保育项目。[49]
特征
编辑蓝鲸的身体呈流线型,头部类似宽阔的U字形;鳍肢窄长;背鳍小,约33厘米,呈镰刀形,靠近尾部;巨大的尾鳍在鲸尾末端。蓝鲸上颚排列有70-395个鲸须板,喉咙区域有60-88个凹槽,允许进食时皮肤的扩张。[50][7][11][51][52]它有两个喷气孔,并受到一个巨大“防护罩”的保护,喷出的水柱可达9.1-12.2米。[50][53][3][54]皮肤为斑驳的灰白色调,在水下时呈蓝色。[50][55][53]不同个体在靠近背鳍处的斑纹样式不同。[56][57][58]肚子下方的皮肤颜色较浅,可能因硅藻附着而呈黄色[50][55][53],因此过去也有人称蓝鲸为“硫磺底”。[59][60]蓝鲸有所有动物中最大的阴茎,长度可达3米,直径30厘米。[61]
蓝鲸的鳍肢长3-4米。胸鳍的上方呈灰色,并有狭窄的白色边缘,而下方则是全白的。牠们的头部和尾鳍一般为灰色。蓝鲸背部通常是杂色的,有时胸鳍也是这个颜色。斑纹变化的程度则因个体而有所不同。有些个体可能全身都是灰色的,但是其他的个体则是深蓝,灰色和黑色互相混合在一起[20]。
体型
编辑体长
编辑蓝鲸是地球上出现过体型最大的动物。[54][50][62][63][64]最大的蓝鲸的数据尚未完全确定。大部分资料来自20世纪上半叶,人类在南极海域捕杀的蓝鲸,不过这些资料的来源是不精通标准动物测量方法的捕鲸人。国际捕鲸委员会的数据库中有88头体长超过30米的蓝鲸,其中体型最大的两只雌性蓝鲸超过33米,分别为33.6米和33.3米。[65]不过部分测量方法有不准确之处,体长超过30.5米的记录仍有争论。[66]弗兰克群岛的发现委员会曾报告有体长达到31米的蓝鲸。[67]有科学证明的最大蓝鲸体长为29.9米,数据来自美国国家海洋哺乳动物实验室,测量范围从蓝鲸吻突尖端至尾巴缺口处。[68][69]通常雌性蓝鲸体型大于雄性,不同于雄性大于雌性的齿鲸。[11][70]流体力学模型指出,鉴于代谢与能量限制,蓝鲸的体长不会超过33米。[71]相比之下,目前已知最大的恐龙是生活在中生代的阿根廷龙[72],估计重达90吨;此外,已知材料不完整的巨体龙可能重达185-250吨,超过最大的蓝鲸的180吨,但这个估计值仅是当地博主的估计,可信度不高,而且这也超过生物物理学定律,即腿骨最大支撑重量及神经线传导速度,前者即这恐龙的腿比身体还粗才行,后者代表恐龙后腿出问题也要5秒才有反应。[来源请求]
蓝鲸北方亚种东北太平洋族群的成年雌性平均体长22米,中西太平洋族群24米,北大西洋族群21-24米,南极亚种25.4-26.3米,智利亚种23.5米,侏儒蓝鲸21.3米。[66][73][74]
体重
编辑因为蓝鲸的体积太过巨大,过去很难测量牠们的体重。许多捕鲸人所猎杀的蓝鲸并没有完全测量过重量,因为他们首先会将鲸鱼切成容易处理的大小,这导致蓝鲸的总重量被低估,因为牠们的血液与体液都流失掉了。尽管如此,仍然有重150至180吨,长27米的蓝鲸被纪录。一只长30米的个体被美国国家海洋哺乳类研究室认为其重量超过了180吨。直到目前为止,国家海洋哺乳类研究室的科学家精确测量过最巨大的蓝鲸是一只重177吨的雌鲸。[68]
生活在北半球的雄性蓝鲸平均体重100吨,雌性112吨。东北太平洋族群雄性蓝鲸平均体重88.5吨,雌性100吨。大西洋族群雄性蓝鲸平均体重112吨,雌性130吨。侏儒蓝鲸雄性平均体重83.5吨-99吨。[75]有记录体重最重的蓝鲸超过173吨[76],估计达199吨。[77]
蓝鲸的舌头大约重2.7吨[78],当它全部伸展开来时可以攫取90吨重的食物与海水。[79]即使拥有这样巨大的嘴,蓝鲸的喉咙仍然无法吞下沙滩球那样宽的物体。[80]牠们的心脏有汽车大小,北大西洋蓝鲸族群的心脏平均重180千克,是已知的生物中最巨大的。[78][81]蓝鲸的主动脉约23厘米宽。[82]在出生后的7个月内,幼崽每天要喝400升母乳。幼崽的生长速度很快,体重每24小时增加90千克。即使才刚出生,幼崽的体重就能达到2,700千克——相当于一头成年河马的体重。[20]
寿命
编辑蓝鲸的寿命大约在80-90年,但是由于个体的记录无法回溯至捕鲸时代,所以要得知蓝鲸的确切寿命还要经过很多年。[65][83][84][11]科学家通常根据蓝鲸的耳垢或耳塞估算它们的年龄。每年因捕食或迁徙时的禁食,蓝鲸积累的耳垢颜色深浅不同,科学家可根据这些颜色差别判断其年龄。[85][86][87]侏儒蓝鲸的最大年龄估计为73年。[88]此外,雌性蓝鲸每次排卵都会在卵巢上留下疤痕或黄体,这也可作为估算年龄的依据。[89]雌性蓝鲸的黄体形成周期约为2.6年。[88]
习性
编辑蓝鲸通常单独活动,但偶尔也观察到结伴行为。在食物充足时,可有多达50头蓝鲸聚集。[11]蓝鲸群可能会一同长途迁徙至位于极地附近的夏天捕食点,然后在冬天到来时返回热带水域附近的繁殖点。[38]蓝鲸似乎能够记住最佳捕食区域的位置。[90]除定期迁徙外,有些蓝鲸也会全年在同一区域定居,或是群体中的部分成员,或其中特定性别、年龄成员迁徙。有些蓝鲸会在繁殖点附近捕食。[91]蓝鲸的游动速度约为5-30km/h,短距离冲刺的速度可以达到50km/h,通常发生在和其他鲸鱼互动时。[11][20]当牠们哺乳的时候,速度会降到5km/h。
有标记的蓝鲸最大潜水深度达到315米。[92]理论最大潜水时间约31.2分钟[93],不过有记录的最久时间为15.2分钟。[92]经确认的蓝鲸最大潜水深度达510米。[94]在深水中,蓝鲸的心跳可下降至2次每分钟,重新返回水面后心跳速度恢复至37次每分钟,接近其最高心跳速度。[95]
蓝鲸在自然界中唯一的天敌是虎鲸。[96]研究报告显示25%的成年蓝鲸都有虎鲸攻击留下的伤痕[65],但是攻击造成的死亡率目前还没有确切的资料。
蓝鲸的搁浅事件非常少见,而且因为牠们的社会结构,所以从来没有记录到蓝鲸发生群体搁浅。[97]但是当搁浅发生时,将会受到社会大众的关注。1920年,一只蓝鲸在苏格兰外赫布里底群岛路易士岛海滩搁浅,牠的头部被捕鲸人射中,但鱼叉却没有爆炸。和其他动物一样,蓝鲸凭借本能不惜一切代价坚持呼吸,搁浅可以让牠不至于溺死。路易士岛上两根矗立在大道旁的蓝鲸骨头吸引了大量游客。[98]
繁殖
编辑蓝鲸在8-10岁时性成熟。北半球雌性蓝鲸此时的体长为21-23米,雄性体长20-21米。南半球性成熟雌性蓝鲸体长23-24米,雄性22米。[99]侏儒蓝鲸性成熟年龄是10岁[73][74][100],此时雌性体长21.0-21.7米,雄性体长18.7米。[73][101][102]对于蓝鲸的交配、繁殖行为及分娩区域所知甚少。[64][99]蓝鲸为一夫多妻制,雄性之间相互竞争,以取得与雌性的交配权。[99][103]雄性蓝鲸会跟踪雌性,并会击退其它潜在的雄性竞争者。[104]繁殖季节从晚秋持续至冬末。[83][64][99]
怀孕的雌性蓝鲸每天进食相当于体重4%的食物,在整个夏季觅食期获得60%的体重。[105][99][106]孕期约10-12个月,刚出生的幼鲸体长6-7米,体重2-3吨。[99]估计幼鲸需要每2-4千克母乳中获得1千克体重,雌性蓝鲸每天可产生220千克母乳。[107]2016年,在新西兰附近海域首次拍摄到了蓝鲸哺育幼鲸的影像。[108]幼鲸在6-8个月时断奶,此时的体长为16米。它们在哺乳期获得17吨体重。[63]蓝鲸生育间隔为2到3年[99],侏儒蓝鲸的平均生育间隔为2.6年。[88]
捕食
编辑蓝鲸几乎只捕食磷虾。[11]它们使用冲刺进食,张嘴可达80°,并以高速游向食物。[11][109]捕食时它们可一次吞下220吨海水。[110]蓝鲸借助其腹腔和舌头的压力,由鲸须板将这些海水排出,然后吞下剩余的磷虾。[11][109]当蓝鲸捕食磷虾时,偶尔也会吞进小型鱼类、甲壳类与乌贼。[111][112]有记录蓝鲸在冲刺进食时进行了180°转弯,这允许它们调整位置,找到猎物密度最高的位置。[113]
为最大化能量摄入,蓝鲸在捕食磷虾群时会选择密度最大的虾群发起冲击。这使它们在日常能量消耗外仍保留有足够的额外能量用于迁徙与繁殖。磷虾密度需要达到100只/m³,蓝鲸的能量收入才可高于消耗。[109][114]一次进食可摄取34,776–1,912,680千焦(8,312–457,141卡路里)的能量,这些能量最多可供蓝鲸进行240次冲刺进食动作。[109]估计一只平均体型蓝鲸每天需要进食1,120 ± 359千克磷虾。[115][116]有时候牠们一天会捕食5,000千克的磷虾。[117]
蓝鲸通常会避免与其它须鲸的直接竞争。[118][119][120]不同鲸鱼会选择不同的捕食场地、时间和猎物。[121][122][110]南冰洋的不同须鲸捕食不同大小的南极磷虾,这或许可以减少它们之间的竞争。[123]
发声
编辑蓝鲸可发出所有动物中最响亮、频率最低的声音[14],并且它们的内耳也十分适应探测低频声音。[124]研究者通过距离蓝鲸1米参考压力一毫帕的测量,估计蓝鲸的声音在源头处可以达到155-188分贝。[125][126]蓝鲸的基础发声频率为8-25赫兹[127],鲸歌因族群不同而有差异。[128]
蓝鲸东北大西洋族群的发声有较为详细的研究。它们的声音被总结为四个音符:脉冲声(A)、音调声(B)、紧接在B后的上扬声(C),以及下降音(D)。[129][130]A和B通常在蓝鲸相互交流时重复发出,并且只有雄性蓝鲸才会使用这两个声音,这或许表明它们与交配活动相关。[130][131]D音或许有多种不同功用,两种性别蓝鲸在捕食时的交互中都可发出D音[131][132],雄性与其它个体竞争时也会发出D音。[104]
曾有记录在斯里兰卡海域的蓝鲸创作的三节鲸歌。首节是频率为19.8-43.5赫兹的脉冲声,通常持续17.9 ± 5.2秒。第二节频率为55.9-72.4赫兹调频,持续时间13.8 ± 1.1秒。末节频率108-104.7赫兹,时长28.5 ± 1.6秒。[133]在马达加斯加有记录到2节鲸歌[134],首节为5-7次中心频率为35.1 ± 0.7赫兹,持续4.4 ± 0.5秒,第二节35 ± 0赫兹持续10.9 ± 1.1秒。[133]记录到南冰洋蓝鲸产生的18秒鲸歌,先是9秒时长,27赫兹叫声,然后是1秒钟至19赫兹的降调,随后降调至18赫兹。[135][136]其它叫声还包括1-4秒时长,频率为80和38赫兹调频。[136][137]
有证据表明蓝鲸的叫声频率正随时间下降。[138][139][140]自1960年代至21世纪初,蓝鲸东北太平洋族群的叫声频率下降了31%。[138][139]从2002年起,生活在南极附近的侏儒蓝鲸叫声频率逐年下降十分之几赫兹。[140]其中原因可能是由于蓝鲸族群数量的恢复,性选择压力逐渐升高(频率更低的叫声意味着更大的体型)。[139]
科学家曾提出了以下六种可能的蓝鲸发声原因:保持个体间的距离;同类和个体识别;环境资讯传递(例如觅食,警告,求偶);保持群体联系(例如雌性和雄性间的交流);地貌特征定位;食物定位。[141]
捕食者和寄生者
编辑虎鲸是蓝鲸的唯一自然捕食者,不过蓝鲸受其攻击的几率仍未有研究。摄像资料显示,生活在在加利福尼亚湾的蓝鲸中很大一部分都有耙状伤疤,很可能是受虎鲸攻击后留下的。[142]在澳洲东南中国海域拍摄的蓝鲸相片中有3.7%观察到了耙状伤疤,而在澳洲西部海域拍摄的侏儒蓝鲸相片中,有42.1%的个体带有耙状伤疤。[143]很少有记录到虎鲸攻击蓝鲸的场景。首次直接观察到的攻击事件发生在澳洲东南中国海域,当时一头雌性蓝鲸与其幼崽被虎鲸追逐,不得不高速游动。[144]首次被记录的攻击事件发生在1977年的下加利福尼亚半岛西南中国海域,最终受伤的蓝鲸在5小时后逃脱。[145]在1982至2003年间,有更多的虎鲸群追逐蓝鲸事件被记录。[146]2003年9月在东部热带太平洋,人们首次记录了虎鲸食用蓝鲸的场景,当时虎鲸在吃一只最近死去的幼年蓝鲸。[147]2014年,一位观鲸船船员记录了在蒙特雷湾,蓝鲸被一群虎鲨骚扰的场景。蓝鲸自我防御的方式是拍打其尾巴。[148]类似的时间于2017年发生在同一地点,并被一架无人机记录了下来。[149]对虎鲸捕食蓝鲸的直接观察发生在澳大利亚西部海域,在2019年观察到两次,2021年一次。首次的被捕食蓝鲸体长约18-22米。[150]
在南极附近海域活动时,蓝鲸的身体会沾上硅藻(卵形藻属的 Cocconeis ceticola 和舟形藻属),在进入温暖水域时,这些硅藻通常会脱落。其它体表寄生生物还包括藤壶,例如 Coronula diadema、Coronula reginae 和 Cryptolepas rhachianecti。藤壶深扎在蓝鲸的皮肤上,以致其被移除后仍会在皮肤上留下小坑。鲸虱生活在蓝鲸表皮缝隙,对蓝鲸基本无害。桡足类动物 Pennella balaenopterae 会钻入附着在鲸脂上,并以此为食。蓝鲸肠道中的寄生虫包括吸虫属下的 Ogmogaster 和 Lecithodesmus、绦虫属下的 Priapocephalus、Phyllobotrium、Tetrabothrius、Diphyllobotrium 和 Diplogonoporus ,以及棘头虫属下的 Bolbosoma。北大西洋蓝鲸也被原生动物寄生,例如内阿米巴虫、梨形鞭毛虫和小袋虫。[151]
威胁与保护
编辑美国的《1973年濒危物种法案》正式将蓝鲸认定为濒危物种[152],并将其列入了国际自然保护联盟红色名录。[34]同时蓝鲸也被列入在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》[153]和《保护野生动物迁徙物种公约》[154]中。不过,部分蓝鲸亚种(例如侏儒蓝鲸B. m. brevicauda)的具体种群数目仍未有完全了解,而另一些亚种(例如南极蓝鲸B. m. intermedia)则为极危物种。[155][156]
捕鲸
编辑起初人类难以狩猎蓝鲸,因为其体型巨大,游速过快。[14]但到19世纪中叶,人们发明了弹射鱼叉,这为捕鲸提供了便利。[157]捕鲸活动在1931-1932年达到了高峰,当时有30,000头蓝鲸遭捕杀。南极附近的蓝鲸尤其受捕鲸活动的影响,据估计在20世纪上半叶当地有350,000–360,000头蓝鲸遭捕杀。此外,冰岛附近海域也有11,000头北大西洋蓝鲸以及9,500头北太平洋蓝鲸被捕杀。[99]1966年。国际捕鲸委员会禁止了一切捕杀蓝鲸的活动,并在全球范围内保护蓝鲸。[158]不过直到1970年代,苏联仍在捕杀蓝鲸。[159]
船舶撞击
编辑如今,船舶撞击是威胁蓝鲸生存的重要因素,此状况在美国西海岸尤为严重。[160]从1998至2019年,在美国西海岸有17头蓝鲸因船舶撞击事故死亡。根据《海洋哺乳动物保护法案》,2007年加利福尼亚州海域的5头蓝鲸死亡被认为是不寻常死亡事件。[160][161]斯里兰卡附近海域也常发生致命的船舶撞击事故,因为繁忙的商船航线与蓝鲸栖息地在此交汇。[162]2010和2012的船舶撞击导致11头蓝鲸死亡[163],而2014年的船舶撞击导致至少2头蓝鲸死亡。[164]2010年代发生在智利南部海域的船舶撞击被认为造成了2头蓝鲸死亡。[165][166]降低船舶撞击蓝鲸的方法是建立更好的蓝鲸分布模型、改变部分航线、降低船速、季节性动态管理航线。[167][168]
商业捕鱼干扰
编辑偶尔有记录到蓝鲸受商业捕鱼设施缠绕的案例,最早的事件于2015年发生在加利福尼亚海域,当时报告说蓝鲸遭到了深水捕鱼陷阱的干扰。[169]2016年发生了另外3起捕鱼设施缠绕蓝鲸事件。[170]在斯里兰卡,有一头蓝鲸被记录其嘴里和身体一侧被渔网缠绕,尾部受伤。[171]
海洋噪音污染
编辑日益增多的人为水下噪音也对蓝鲸的生活造成了影响。[172][173]蓝鲸可能暴露于商船行驶[174][175]、地震勘测、油气开采活动附带的噪音中。[176][177]南加州湾蓝鲸受到中频有源(英语:mid-frequency active, MFA)声呐的影响而减少了叫声交流。[178]研究发现MFA可对蓝鲸深水捕食造成干扰,但对浅水活动无影响。这些影响程度也取决于蓝鲸受干扰时的活动状态、与声源水平距离以及捕食难度。[179]
化学污染
编辑人类排放的污染物对蓝鲸的影响还不明确。蓝鲸的食物链位置较低,因此化学物质的生物累积影响较小。[180]根据对一头因船舶撞击死亡的雄性蓝鲸的耳垢的成分分析,其中检测到了杀虫剂、阻燃剂和水银。对于持久性有机污染物(POP)的重建表明,母亲体内的化学污染物会随妊娠或母乳传递至幼鲸。[181]科学家在加拿大圣劳伦斯湾的雄性蓝鲸体内检测到了高浓度的多氯联二苯(PCB)、双对氯苯基三氯乙烷(DDT),以及代谢产物和部分与雌性相关的有机氯化合物,这显示出持久性有机污染物会从母亲蓝鲸转移至其后代。[182]
气候变化
编辑全球暖化导致了冰川与永久冻土层快速融化,并导致大量的淡水注入海中。一旦流入海中的淡水量超过临界点,或将会导致温盐环流瓦解。考量到蓝鲸根据海水温度的迁移模式,环流瓦解将导致温暖与寒冷的海水环绕全球,这可能会对蓝鲸的迁徙造成影响。[183]蓝鲸夏季时处在寒冷、高纬度的海域,因为这里拥有丰富的食物;而冬季时则位于温暖、低纬度的海域,在这里牠们可以交配与生产。[184]
海洋温度的改变也会影响蓝鲸的食物来源,暖化趋势也会减少盐分的分布,这将会对的分布与密度造成重大的影响。[185]
流行文化
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延伸阅读
编辑书籍
编辑- Randall R. Reeves, Brent S. Stewart, Phillip J. Clapham and James A. Powell (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 978-0-375-41141-0. pp. 89–93.
- J. Calambokidis and G. Steiger (1998). Blue Whales. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-338-2.
- Bortolotti, Dan. 藍鯨誌. 由庞, 元媛翻译. 猫头鹰出版. 2010. ISBN 9789861202914.
- Honeyborne, James; Brownlow, Mark. 重返藍色星球:發現海洋新世界. 由林, 洁盈翻译. 好读出版. 2018. ISBN 9789861784618.
网页
编辑- Blue Whale. American Cetacean Society. [2005-01-07]. (原始内容存档于2007-07-11).
- Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus. MarineBio.org. [2006-04-21]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-23).
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile
外部链接
编辑- 智利鲸类保护中心
- 科学寻求侏儒蓝鲸的线索 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 海洋自然历史摄影师迈克·詹森的蓝鲸照片 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 美国鲸类协会蓝鲸情况说明书
- 来自EnchantedLearning.com的蓝鲸信息 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 来自OceanLight.com的有关蓝鲸的照片 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 在OBIS-SEAMAP:海洋哺乳动物,鸟类和龟鳖 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)的 蓝鲸物种简述 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- MarineBio:蓝鲸 Archived 2012-01-23 at WebCite
- ARKive中蓝鲸的影片与照片
- 新贝尔德福博物馆中蓝鲸的照片*of "Kobo", a Blue Whale skeleton
- Blue Whale vocalizations - 康奈尔大学生物学研究
- 蓝鲸的活动影片 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)