维基百科

被認定是偽科學的主題列表

維基媒體列表條目

被認定是偽科學的主題列表（英語：List of topics characterized as pseudoscience）表列出曾被学者或研究者认定为伪科学的主题。学者们將它們认定为伪科学，有时是为了向大众暴露可疑、危险的主张，有时是为了定义科学之本质，有时则只是为了讽刺粗制滥造的低级科学论证。

科學界和科學懷疑論机构是批评伪科学的主力军。对于伪科学主题的批评一般基于逻辑、方法或修辞。[1] 本表列出的主题中，有些在今天仍是科学研究的对象，有些则是过去科学的一部分，在被证伪后又因伪科学借尸还魂；还有些主题自始至终都无科学性质，但或多或少剽窃了某些科学领域或科学实践的内容。以下列出的主题的许多拥护者、从业者都会争辩其所相信的学说是否为伪科学，故本列表每节都会总结定性的原因。

以下主题的具体讨论都在其对应的维基百科页面，本列表仅提供概述。

物理科學

编辑

量子力學

编辑
  • 量子神秘主義：受量子力學啟發，對宗教、超自然和神秘力量的解釋。但這些解釋並不能證實或證偽。

天文學與空間科學

编辑
  • 2012年預言：在2012年會發生災變和世界末日事件的一種信念，該猜想是從長紀曆衍生的。人們把其與公历比對，計算出該年为世界重生的時刻，末日的機制預測是以「太陽風暴」、「銀河對齊」、「極移」、「小行星、彗星或行星大規模碰撞（如尼比鲁）」等方式發生[2][3][4]。
  • 古代外星人：由艾利希·馮·丹尼肯於1968年提出[5]，指在古時候，外星人令人類文明興起，或提供了各古代社會的一些技術性援助[6][7]。

地球科學

编辑
  • 幾何圖形巨石（英语：Pseudoscientific metrology）：支持者假設道一個存在於地球上的幾何图形可追溯至少公元前3500年前，以及認為即使到了現在，這樣的系統仍受到共济会的應用。據亞歷山大湯姆般的支持者認為，英國和布列塔尼巨石文明推動了諸如幾何、數學、地球大小般的知識。另一名支持者巴特勒則認為托姆的巨石码曾把地球圓周極坐標分為366度[29][30]。
  • 百慕達三角：百慕大、波多黎各和佛羅里達州（在其最流行的版本）之間的大西洋區域，在此領域頻繁的船舶和飛機的災害和失踪事件遭一些人認為是超自然現象所導致的，與諸如遇上超自然事件、與外星人交流般的相关故事亦在民間广泛流傳[6]。
  • 否定氣候變化：與否定全球變暖有关的政治爭議已受到科學界認定為偽科學[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]。
  • 地球空洞说：地球是完全空心的/地殼之下是中空的主張，某些民間傳說和陰謀論者仍持有這樣的想法，並認為地下生命是存在的。
  • 李森科主义：特罗菲姆·邓尼索维奇·李森科提出來的生物遺傳原理，其是基於獲得性遺傳[39]。李森科主義是否定了孟德爾的生物遺傳理論，后來此一主義李森科后命名為米丘林主義。李森科的學說在20世紀40年代末至50年代初在蘇聯的地位尤其突出。基因在斯大林的集體化運動所引起的飢荒之後被广泛宣稱為「資產階級的科學」。在李森科承諾農作物產量未能兌現後，蘇聯悄然放棄了李森科的農業實踐，改为現代農業的标準做法。到了50年代中期，他的影響力大大下降。現今李森科的農業實驗和研究在很大程度上都会視為欺詐[40][41]。
  • 地平說：一種理論認為地球是平的，而非球狀。一些邊緣團體仍然支持這個理論[42]。

能量

编辑
  • 水变油事件：1983年於中國發生的偽科學事件。一位發明家聲稱，他只需通過加入自己的「可燃炔」製劑數滴，就能把水變成可用燃料。中國政府和中國共產黨對於像這樣的偽科學声稱感到震驚，並發表聯合公告，譴責道對大眾的科学教育有所衰落[43]。
  • 分數氫（英语：Brilliant Light Power）：氫原子的假設狀態，據諸如蘭德爾·米爾斯（Randell Mills）般的支持者所言，因為其能量較基態時的低，因此是自由能的一個來源[44][45][46]。
  • 永动机：違反熱力學定律的機器。虽自18世紀後期永動機已被確認為伪科學，但至今人們仍提議嘗試做出這樣的機器和申請專利[13][17][27]。
  • 奧剛（英语：Orgone）：偽科學的一个理念，支持者形容它是一種深奧的能量，或是一种宇宙假想生命的力量，最初由威廉·賴希於20世紀30年代提出[50][51][52]。

建築學

编辑
  • 風水：古代中國的傳統建築學體系，往往遭科學界視為具迷信元素的偽科學。[53][54][55]。
  • 毘羅經典（英语：Vastu shastra）：古印度的建築學體系，其中規定了一系列與建房氛圍有關的規則。諸如賈揚特·納里卡（英语：Jayant Narlikar）般的科學家寫到其與環境沒有「邏輯聯繫」，並指出有時候業主会把已經建成的建築重建，以適應体系中的規定[56][57]另一個例子則是，一位部長曾下令拆遷在東面的貧民窟，使得他的辦公室門口能朝東，按毘羅的从業者所言，把入口改为大門朝東會解決他的政治問題[58][59]。

物理學

编辑

生命科學

编辑

農業科學

编辑
  • 生物動力農業：有機農業的一種方式，把農場的生物個體統一和單一化，生物動力使用已被定為占星用途的日曆。生物動力學家所使用的物質和堆肥已被人形容为非常規和順勢。例如，驅逐田鼠的方法是當金星在天蠍座上时，準備由田鼠皮膚製成的骨灰[62][63][64][65]。

應用科學

编辑

健康與醫學

编辑

屬偽科學的醫療行為通常被稱為庸醫（英語：quack）。

  • 替代医学，已遭科学界形容為偽科學的一个分类，国家科学基金会已進行了關於「科幻和偽科學」的「公眾態度和公眾理解」的調查，包括研究替代醫學的受歡迎程度。它認為「相信替代醫學」是一項令人關注的問題，其把替代醫學定義為「所有治療方法皆沒有通過現代科學方法證明」。其引述懷疑論者調查委員會（英语：Committee for Skeptical Inquiry）替代醫學列表後，認為当中許多屬偽科學，並提及到科學工作者、組織和科學決策團體成員所關注的問題，它評論說「儘管如此，替代醫學的受歡迎程度似乎在增加[66]……美國醫學院校中至少有60％課堂時間投入在替代療法的教學中，這在科學界引起一定爭議[66]。」有報告指，大學正在「越來越傾向於順勢療法和補充醫學，其为科學界所反對的『偽科學』學位[67] 。」学者形容替代醫學的學位為「偽科學學位[66][67][68]」、「反科學」以及「有害的」[69]。
  • 人體冷凍技術，以超低溫保存在臨床上已死亡的人體，並希望未來科技可以解凍及復生。目前並沒有成功個案把已冷凍的人類大腦、人體或哺乳類動物解凍後可復生，也沒有足夠科學證據證明有復生的可能[70][71]。
  • 人智医学（英语：Anthroposophic medicine）：補充和替代醫學的一种[72]，由魯道夫·斯坦納和伊達·韋格曼（英语：Ita Wegman）根據人智學的精神理念在20世紀20年代創立，強調以整全觀對待健康，卻不強調隨機對照試驗[73][74]，人智医学会配製與症狀的「關鍵動力力量」（key dynamic forces）匹配的藥物[75]，並且会準備各種稀釋液調配，最后求診者以外用、口服以及非口服的方式服用藥物的方式，來達至整體上順勢的效果[76] 。人智医学的從業者一般不建議/建議推遲疫苗接種，以及使用抗生素和退熱藥[77][78][79]。諸罗伯特·托德·卡罗尔般的懷疑論者，把人智医学的原則比喻為交感巫術，即治療性植物可通過它們的形態以及生理性的扭曲而被識別[80]卡羅爾和其他人表示該體系不是基於科學[80][81][82]。埃查德·恩斯特（英语：Edzard Ernst）認為，人智醫學的功效还沒有得到獨立於它的哲學理念的全面科學分析證明，且沒有基於證據的結論可以得出該體系的整體效用[83]。
  • 病毒派對：一種非常危險的另類醫療做法，透過參加病毒派對，希望可以藉此感染相關病毒，而獲得抗體[84][85]。
  • 應用肌肉動力學（英语：Applied kinesiology）：一种診斷方法，当中从業者会利用人手去为肌肉強度作測試，以此为根據去作出醫療診斷和處方治療，支持者相信從業者可以通過外部的物理性質確定健康問題或缺乏哪種營養，如肌肉反應、姿勢，或分析動作。各種療法的基礎是測試肌肉的無力度或動作的平滑性、並基於以下猜想——肌肉和器官之間有關的。例如從業者會給病人一手握住載有內含物的罐子，然後測試另一隻手的肌肉力量；如果有很小的抵抗力，從業者便可宣稱患者對該物質過敏[86]或疾病[87]科學並不支持某些國際學院要求應用肌肉動力學至標準診斷技術的主張[88]。脊骨神經醫學的从業者往往会運用應用肌肉動力學，但自然療法从業者、醫生、牙醫、營養師、物理治療師、按摩治療師、護士也可能運用應用肌肉動力學[87][89]。應用肌肉動力學不應與運動機能學（英语：Kinesiology）相混淆，運動機能學是人體運動的科學研究。
  • 左右腦分工理論: 一種認為左腦負責語言思考邏輯，右腦發揮創意及處理情感。不過，現代神經科學學者表明，這種左腦與右腦劃分的方式並不科學。[90][91][92]
  • 人腦潛能：一種認為人類的腦部有接近90%沒有開發或使用，因此有無限開發的潛能可以發揮。這種說法已被現代腦科學所推翻。事實上，一些研究顯示，人腦的開發使用率已經接近100%。[93][94][95][96]
  • 商布德利帕德敏感症消除技术（英语：Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques）：从業者聲稱其是過敏和相關病症的一种替代診治。現有的综述得出結論：該技术所使用的診斷技術是無效的[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]，一些醫學協會建議不要以這種方式運用應用肌肉動力學[103][105][106][107][108][109]。一些探討商布德利帕德敏感症消除技术的文獻综述直接表明：缺乏任何證據支持它的有效性，且其主張是毫無根據的[104][110]。商布德利帕德敏感症消除技术的理論基礎已被批評為缺乏科學依據[108][111]。澳亚临床免疫与过敏协会（英语：Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy）建議不要使用商布德利帕德敏感症消除技术[108]。
  • 贝茨法：由眼科醫生威廉·貝茨開發的一套纠正方法，旨在「自然地」提高視力，它據稱可消除眼外肌緊繃，以省去眼鏡的需求[112]。1929年，聯邦貿易委員會列舉了貝茨所編寫的書——《摘掉眼鏡完美視力》的誤導性宣傳[113]，但相关投訴後來被駁回[114]。雖然有些人聲稱遵循了他的指導以后，視力的確有所改善，但貝茨關於視覺和調節的想法已遭到主流眼科和視光學界的反對[115][116][117][118][119]。
  • 生理节律：假設人的生理和行為会受到分別23、28、33天為一循環的體力、情緒和智力週期所控制。該體系假定，当智力週期曲線越過基線位或附近時（個體出生時），該人判斷事物出錯的机会会增加。並沒有人發現任何與行動有关的生物物理機制，生物節律的預測能力並不比碰運气佳[6][120][121][122]。對於像晝夜節律般的生物學研究，請參見時間生物學。
  • 細胞記憶：一种假設認为身體本身便能夠儲存記憶，而不是只有大腦。支持者認为它是失憶後再回復記憶的根本原因[123]。這些回憶的特徵通常是以身體一個或多個部分幻肢痛來表達——支持者認为这是身體回憶過去的創傷所致，細胞記憶的想法經常是與記憶的壓抑聯繫起來，当中細胞会記憶亂倫或性虐待的经歷，並通過身體感知回憶[123][124]。
  • 健腦操（英语：Brain Gym）：一項商業培訓計劃，聲稱只要实踐者所進行的動作合乎要求，任何學習的困難都可以透過大腦中的新迴路建立來克服。他們聲稱，重複26套健腦操動作能「激活大腦，優化其儲存和提取信息的能力[125]。」，並聲稱健腦操是为了達至「身與心的融匯」而設，並能提高「集中力、記憶力、閱讀能力、寫作能力、組織能力、聽力、身體協調性等能力」[126]。科學界已駁斥了其理論基礎，並把它形容為偽科學[127][128][129][130]。有关健腦操的科學研究在经过同行評審後，發現一般情況下學業技能並無顯著改善。它所聲稱的結果並没有考慮其他變量，比如安慰劑效應、休息和運動的好處。其創始人保羅·丹尼森也承認，許多健腦操的聲稱並不是基於優良的科學（good science），而是基於他的「直覺」[131]。
  • 脊骨神經醫學：一種替代医学實踐，側重於尋找脊髓的半脱位（英语：Vertebral subluxation）（一套屬於脊骨神經醫學的症狀和體徵），並以調整脊髓的方式治療。許多現代脊骨神經醫學从業者僅僅針對機械性功能障礙，並提供健康和生活方式輔導[132][133]。然而，許多从業者根據丹尼爾·大衛·帕爾馬（英语：Daniel David Palmer）和巴特利特·約書亞·帕爾默（英语：B. J. Palmer）的活力論作出實踐，堅持認為所有或許多的器質性疾病都是脊髓功能障礙的結果，如脊椎半脫位或先天的知能（英语：Innate intelligence）（一种猜想能量）的流動受到損害[134][135] 。這些觀點並不是基於科學，以及目前仍没有強而有力的研究能化解脊骨神經醫學和主流醫學之間的歷史矛盾[136][137][138][139]。最近的系統綜述顯示脊骨神經醫學可能適度有益於非特異性下背痛的管理[140][141][142]。脊骨神經醫學的有效性尚未根據循證醫學的任何原則證實[143]。報告中亦提及「符合輕微的定義」的副作用，如脊柱推拿後可能出現的神經系統受損，尤其是上脊柱推拿，其發生頻率为33——61％之間，脊骨神經醫學的大多數副作用都是輕微的，如輕度酸痛、頭暈，頭昏、淺頭暈、頭痛、麻木感或上肢酸麻；很少觀察到但亦有發生的嚴重併發症則包括蛛網膜下腔出血、椎動脈夾層（英语：Vertebral artery dissection）或是脊髓病變[144][145][146][147][148]。
    • 先天的知能（英语：Innate intelligence）：一种假想能量，一些脊骨神經醫學从業者認為它的責任是流動以維持患者的健康。花大部分时間研究脊骨神經醫學的臨床心理學家約瑟夫·基廷（英语：Joseph C. Keating Jr.）表示：「一直以來，我們的『一種原因，一種治療』这种說辭，我們應該預料到被更廣泛的健康科學界嘲笑。脊骨神經醫學不能兩者兼得。我們的理論不能同時教條式地構建生機論及科學化，帕爾默的知能的目的性、自覺性和剛性應予駁回[149]。」
    • 椎骨半脫位（英语：Vertebral subluxation）：脊骨神經醫學的用語描述先天的知能所流動的部位病變或推測由脊椎病變引起的神經肌肉骨胳病變和內臟功能失調，科學共識並不支持脊骨神經醫學的椎骨半脫位存在[150]。
  • 結腸清洗療法（英语：Colon cleansing）：幾種替代醫學，旨在從結腸和腸道除去糞便和不明毒素。從業者相信，腐爛糞便積聚於大腸壁，並且它們窩藏寄生蟲或致病腸道菌群，造成非特異性症狀和健康欠佳。這種「自體中毒」的假設是基於古埃及人和希臘人的醫療信念，而在20世紀初名聲掃地[151][152]。
  • 顱骶療法（英语：Craniosacral therapy）：治療師把他們的手放在病人的頭骨上，使得他們能夠調節腦脊液的節奏[153]。顱骶療法的治療師聲稱顱骶療法可以治療精神緊張、頸部和背部疼痛、偏頭痛、顳下頜關節功能紊亂（英语：Temporomandibular joint dysfunction）以及慢性疼痛(如纖維肌痛)[154][155][156]。在1999年進行的系統回顧「找不到有效的科學證據表明，顱骶療法提供予患者任何好處。」並指出，「現有的低等證據是从实驗設計差的健康結果研究中衍生」和「已有報告指出患者在療法後損傷頭部的事件[157]。」顱骶療法已被很多不同的研究人員定性為偽科學或在研究人員中的名聲較差[158][159][160][161][162][163]。
  • 水晶療法（英语：Crystal healing）：相信水晶有治療作用。一度在前科學(pre-scientific)和土著人之間流行，它的知名度因20世紀70年代的新紀元運動復興[164][165]。
  • 排毒（英语：Detoxification (alternative medicine)）：排毒是替代醫學範圍內的一种实践，聲稱可以去除身體內的「毒素」——在身體積累的有害物質，據稱在短期或長期內對個人健康有不良影響。許多主流媒體網站提供关於这种实践的文章，但是缺乏科學依據證明存在毒素及其危害或去除技術的功效。
  • 耳燭：一種替代醫學实践，聲稱使用空心蠟燭將一端插入外耳道，另一端點燃，可以改善整體健康和幸福感。醫學研究表明，這種实践是無效的，並有可能令人受傷，虽然可能性較低。一項調查訪問了122名耳鼻喉科醫師，發現在其職業生涯中，共有21例病例耳朵因此而受傷[166]。此過程不會幫助清除耳垢或毒性物質[167]。
  • 接地气療法（英语：Earthing therapy）：一種療法，聲稱通過直接與地面或與連接到電氣接地的裝置物理接觸可以緩解疼痛、令睡眠質素更佳並幫助緩解疾病的發炎症狀[168]。據稱，地球擁有過剩的電子，但由於絕緣鞋和地面覆蓋物的關係令人們缺少，與大地接觸能把其過量的電子提供予身體，然後充当抗氧化劑[169]。
  • 電磁波過敏症：「患者」報告對暴露水平低於規定安全標準的電場和磁場或不同頻率的電磁輻射敏感。症狀並不一致，但可以包括頭痛、疲勞、睡眠困難和類似的非特異性症状[170]。研究發現，患者的不適與隱藏的輻射來源無關[171][172]和「無科學依據證明暴露於電磁場及電磁波過敏症之間目前存在的任何聯繫[173]。」
  • 信仰療法：通過諸如祈禱和按手禮等行為治愈疾病。據觀察所得信仰療法沒有帶來超過安慰劑預期的肉體上的得益[6][174][175]。
  • 健康手鍊及各種療法飾品——聲稱改善健康、癒合或提高穿用者的「氣」，如離子手鍊（英语：Ionized jewelry）、全息手鍊（英语：Hologram bracelet）以及磁性飾品。製造商所聲稱的任何效果没有被獨立來源證實[176][177]。
  • 顺势疗法：相信某物質能在健康的人身上，引起病人患某病時的病症，此物質就能治療該病症。這些準備工作通常是就以上一点稀釋製劑，任何治療方法可能也是差不多[178]。順勢療法的研究在很大程度上是負面的或不確定的[179][180][181][182] 。順勢療法的原則沒有已證實的科學依據[183][184][185][186][187][188][189]。
  • 虹膜學（英语：Iridology）：醫療診斷手段，其支持者相信能夠通過仔細檢查虹膜的標記和圖案來識別和診斷健康問題。從業人員劃分虹膜為80-90个區域，其中每一個分別連繫到特定的身體區域或器官。此連繫尚未經過科學驗證，疾病檢測既不是講究也不是具體的[190][191][192]。由於虹膜紋理是一個表型特徵，懷孕期間的在母體內發展並且出生後保持不變(這使得虹膜生物識別有用處)，虹膜學幾乎是不可能成功的。
  • 腸漏綜合症（英语：Leaky gut syndrome）：一個在替代醫學中擬議的狀態，有害物質从腸道壁外面進入的通道，被提出作為許多狀態的原因，包括多发性硬化症和自閉症。腸漏綜合症是一項已被稱為偽科學的宣稱[193]。據英國國家健康服務（英语：National Health Service (England)）所指出，这个理論是模糊且未經證實的[194]。一些懷疑論者和科學家說，治療腸漏綜合症的市場是被誤導或故意欺詐的一個實例[194]。
  • 闪电般的过程（英语：The Lightning Process）：自稱是从整骨療法衍生的系統——神經語言規劃及生活輔導[195]。支持者聲稱，該过程可以對一系列的疾病和病症產生積極影響，包括肌痛性腦炎，但是療效沒有科學證據證明[196]。闪电般的过程的設計者菲爾·帕克(Phill Parker)表明，慢性疲勞症候群是中樞神經系統和自主神經系統失調的結果，闪电般的过程旨在解決这些神经系统的失調，幫助打破「腎上腺素循環」，讓系統的應激反應維持在一个高的水平[196]。
  • 磁療：使用磁場來正面地影響健康的實踐。雖然磁鐵和磁場有合法的醫療用途，但在磁療使用的磁場強度太低，不足以實現任何生理變化，使用的方法亦沒有科學有效性[6][197][198]。
  • 阿育吠陀：傳統阿育吠陀是紮根於古印度5000年歷史的另類醫療實踐，基於心靈——身體的一套信念[199][200]。人的意識不平衡或壓力被認為是疾病的原因[199]。患者按着體質類型劃分(三種doshas(能量元素)被認為是控制身心和諧，以其衡量個人的體質)和治療的目的是恢復心靈——身體系統的平衡[199][200] 。長期以來，它一直是印度醫療保健的主要傳統體系[200]。它已在印度的學院和學校被制度化，但無證從業者依然普遍[201]。像其他傳統知識一樣，很多有關阿育吠陀的知識已失傳；在西方，目前與阿育吠陀有关的實踐是瑪赫西·馬赫什·瑜珈部分基於阿育吠陀的啓發[202] ，把其與傳統的超覺靜坐混合。在美國，阿育吠陀最引人注目的倡導者是狄巴克·喬布拉，他聲稱阿育吠陀是基於量子神秘主義[202]。
  • 自然療法：或稱自然醫學，基於相信活力論的一種替代醫學，其假定一種被稱为生命能量或生命力的特殊能量的存在，其会引導身體的活動如新陳代謝、繁殖、生長和適應[203]。自然療法已被定性為偽科學[204][205]。它尤其因沒被證明、被證偽或危險的治療方法而被人批評[206][207][208][209]。自然的方法以及不是人造或合成的化學品不一定更安全或更有效；任何有效果的治療也可能有有害的副作用[152][205][210][211]。
  • 骨科手法醫學（英语：Osteopathic manipulative medicine）或整骨手法醫學：整骨醫學的核心技術，基於安德魯·泰勒·史迪爾構想的理念，認為身體擁有的自我調節機制可能可以通過控制或移動骨骼、肌腱和肌肉得到充分利用。它被提議治療許多人類疾病，包括帕金森氏病、胰腺炎和肺炎，但只發現對下背痛有效[212][213][214]。長期以來，人們一直認為它是基於「偽科學教條」[215]。美國計算生物學家和電腦科學家史蒂芬·扎尔茨贝格（英语：Steven Salzberg）提到整骨醫學院校教授的整骨手法醫學為“偽科學中的實踐訓練”[216]
  • 魯爾夫治療法（英语：Rolfing）：由愛達·魯爾夫（英语：Ida Rolf）(1896–1979) 所創，從業者聲稱能夠擺脫人體肌肉層的創傷記憶[217]，沒有任何證據表明魯爾夫治療法對任何疾病有效[218]。
  • 觸摸治療（英语：Therapeutic touch）：活力論的一種，醫師或護士[26][219]將他或她的手放在患者上和圍繞以“重新調整”或“平衡”假想的能量場[27]。Cochrane評價的結論是「沒有證據表明[觸摸治療]促進急性傷口癒合[220]。」並沒有人發現能量場的生物物理基礎[221][222]。
  • 锡箔帽：錫箔帽是從一片或多片鋁箔製成的帽子或普通的內含箔頭飾，相信戴上它可以保護大腦，免受電磁場、精神控制和讀心術的威脅。目前沒有發現無線電頻與防止隨後健康狀況不佳的錫箔帽間有任何关係。
  • 中國傳統醫學：起源於中國的傳統醫療系統，作為一種替代醫學實踐，遍及世界大部分地區。它包含基於道家的宇宙觀元素[223]，認為人體比解剖術語有更多的功能和生命力[224][225]。中國傳統醫學遵循陰陽的原則判斷健康與疾病，並歸因於能量的流動平衡或不平衡——氣[226][227]。診斷方法僅僅只靠身體外部，包括在人體六點切診、檢查病人的舌頭、和一次病人訪談；醫師間診斷一致性較差[224][228][229][230]。中國傳統醫學描述的人體功能和結構與現代醫學根本不同，儘管一些規程和補救措施已經承諾在科学方面進行調查[226][231]。
    • 针灸：用細針刺激穴位和平衡經絡，沒有已知的解剖學和組織學基礎證明穴位經絡的存在[228][232]，有些針灸師把它們看作是功能性，而不是結構性的實體，其在患者的評估和護理中有用[226][233][234]。干针（英语：Dry needling）是不考慮中醫知識的针灸治療。自20世紀後期，針灸一直是活躍的科研主題[235]，它的作用和應用在醫學研究人員和臨床醫生間仍然存在爭議[235]。因為它是一個治療過程，而不是一种丸劑，故對照研究的設計是具有挑戰性的，像手術和其他治療過程一樣[226][235][236][237][238]。一些學術回顧的結論是針灸的作用主要是安慰劑[239][240]，及其他則發現可能適用於特定條件下的功效[235][241][242][243]。
    • 拔罐：古代中國的一种替代醫學，在局部皮膚產生吸力；從業者認為这可以促進血液流動去促使康復[245]。其会使用熱（火）或機械設備（手或電泵）產生吸力。拔罐的對照試驗只有一個已進行且它並沒有表現任何緩解疼痛的功效。一本由英國科普作家西蒙·辛格和Edzard Ernst寫的書聲稱，沒有證據證明拔罐對任何醫療條件產生有利影響[246]。
    • 經絡：氣血流通的渠道，與幾個臟腑器官成對[224][247]。沒有已知的解剖學和組織學基礎證明穴位和經絡的存在[228][232]。
    • 艾灸：應用於點燃的艾蒿或艾條刺激皮膚穴位
    • 氣：流動的生命能量，須平衡它保持健康。氣從未被直接觀測到，也與科學所使用的能量概念無關[248][249][250]。
    • 中藥本草：中國傳統醫學所使用的生药。這包括許多植物的一部分或整株，如人參和枸杞，及更奇異的如海馬。製劑一般混合多種成分，與基於物理特性如味道或形狀選擇，或據中國傳統醫學的臟腑[251] 。大多數製劑沒有得到嚴格的評估或沒有功效跡象[231][252][253]。研究這些製劑中潛在活性成分的生药学研究是活躍的，雖然應用並不總是符合中國傳統醫學[254]。
    • 臟腑：功能性器官，其儲存陰陽和蓄存精氣[224]。這些器官不是基於解剖學。
  • 尿療法：飲用自己的未稀釋尿液或順勢療法的尿液藥劑，據稱能治療多種疾病，其是基於偽科學[255]。
  • 自閉症和疫苗之間的聯繫：其中疫苗被指責引起自閉症譜系障礙、引發它們或加重他們，其已被定性為偽科學[256]。許多流行病學的研究發現缺乏證據表明MMR疫苗或含硫柳汞疫苗和自閉症的對應關係[257]。因此，醫學研究所已經得出結論，這些品種的疫苗和自閉症之間沒有因果關係[258]。
  • 活力論：該學說認為生命的活動不受物理和化學定律所規限，某種程度上是生命自行決定，《偽科學百科全書》指出「今天，活力論是許多偽科學衛生系統的基礎，其聲稱疾病是由人體的生命力紊亂或失衡造成。」「活力論者宣稱自己是科學的，但實際上他們拒絕科學方法，其原因和作用基本上是假設的。他們經常認為主觀感受會更加有力於客觀物理現實[259]。」

金融

编辑

陰謀論

编辑
更多信息：陰謀論
  • 腦控：一種認為世界上已有政府或科研機構，發明了以電腦或電磁輻射，遠程遙控受害者大腦思維意識和情緒的陰謀論，目前沒有證據證明讓技術出現的可能性，從目前的電脑科学及腦科學技術来看是绝无可能。[269][270][271][272]

社會科學

编辑

心理學

编辑
  • 電擊法治療網絡成癮: 一套無效且危險的方式治療網絡成癮。
  • 依附療法（英语：Attachment therapy）：一套有可能致命的臨床介入[273]，並是一套較激進的育兒技巧的名稱，亦即实踐者会冷血地對兒童实行「剝奪和身心虐待，以尋求自己想要的效果[274]。」最常見的施行时間是大人因宣洩憤怒和惡化的情緒而剝奪孩子。当中最常見的是「重生」，亦即把孩子被緊緊包裹在毯子內，然後模擬從產道出生：鼓勵孩子努力拼搏、推動和擠壓他/她自己去模擬宮縮[6]。儘管實踐的名字不是基於傳統依附理論，它的原則亦在主流發展心理學中毫無根據可言[275]。在2006年，它是美國虐待兒童問題專業協會的關鍵主題[276]。並非所有依附療法都是強制性的，且自从康丹丝·纽梅克（英语：Candace Newmaker）的案例後，該領域的領導人一直朝著減少脅迫行為的方向前進[276]。
  • 洗腦：一种思想灌輸的理論過程，其会導致被洗腦者的自主權減少、失去獨立思考能力、關係和信念被破壞。在此情景下，洗腦是指基本信仰和價值觀被非自願地再教育。洗腦一詞已被應用到戰術、心理或其他方面，被視為可以顛覆並控制一個人的思想、行為、情感或決策。1983年，美國心理協會（APA）要求瑪格麗特·辛格（英语：Margaret Singer）主持了一個特別小組，其叫APA說服和控制中的欺騙和間接引入技術專責小組（英语：APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control），研究洗腦或者「強制性說服」是否的確在「邪教」的招聘中發揮作用，美國心理協會發現，洗腦的理論並沒有經驗證明，並駁回專責小組的報告，因為報告「缺乏必要的科學嚴謹性，即使是批評態度，美國心理協會的出版許可必須有科學嚴謹性[277][278]。」否決備忘錄連帶着從外部評審員本傑明·貝特·郝拉米（英语：Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi）和杰弗裡·D·費舍爾(Jeffery D. Fisher)寄來的兩封信件，這些信件批評「洗腦」為不可識別的理論概念，以及批評辛格的推理存在缺陷，「近乎荒謬。」[279]
  • 性傾向治療：有時會稱為性傾向修復(reparative therapy)，其目的是改變一個非異性戀者的性傾向，使他們不再是同性戀或雙性戀[280]。美國精神醫學學會界定性傾向修復療法是「心理治療……基於同性戀本身是一種精神障礙的前提或『病人』應該改變他們同性戀傾向的假設」[281][282][283]
  • 筆跡學：基於相信人格特質會不自覺地影響字跡形態的心理測試——某些類型的人會在用筆时表現出某些怪癖。字跡分析不能提供較猜測更高的人格準確度，神經科學家巴里·貝葉斯滕（英语：Barry Beyerstein）把其比喻成交感巫術[6][26][284][285][286][287]。
  • 超心理學：研究超常的心理和精神現象，包括瀕死經驗、通靈現象、靈魂出體、宗教經驗、前世回溯、輪迴研究等。目的希望透過研究這些超心理現象證實超自然的存在、前世的存在、來世的存在、或宗教和神秘學的論據。不過，現時的心理科學共識是，沒有證據證明這些心理現象可以提供足夠證據證實超自然現象、前世或來世的存在，也沒有科學證據證明這些現象能引證宗教和神秘學的論據。[288][289][290] [291]

宗教及神秘學

编辑

宗教和神秘學，本身並不是偽科學，只是屬於非科學的範疇。但是，一些具宗教或神秘學概念的學說，包裝成科學學說，以科學化的語言詮釋，但沒有以科學要求的規範下研究的，或缺乏具體科學上要求的證據，或證據不被主流科學界接受的，或不具可證偽性的，則往往被視作偽科學。

例子包括：

参见

编辑

参考文獻

编辑
  1. ^ Pollak 2002.
  2. ^ O'Neill 2008.
  3. ^ Rosenbaum 2009
  4. ^ Hummels 2009.
  5. ^ Fraknoi, Andrew. Ancient Astronauts and Erich Von Daniken. Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. October 2009 [2011-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-06）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 entry in Shermer, Michael (编). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience (PDF). ABC–CLIO, Inc. 2002 [2013-12-16]. ISBN 1-57607-653-9. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-08-11）. 
  7. ^ Trefil, James. Who Were the Ancient Engineers of Egypt?. Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry). March 2007, 17.1 [2007-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-29）. The pyramids, as impressive as they are, give no evidence at all for the presence of advanced technology at work in ancient Egypt. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Kilgannon, Corey. Origin of the Species, From an Alien View. New York Times (The New York Times Company). 2010-01-08 [2010-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-29）. Mr. Sitchin has been called silly before – by scientists, historians and archaeologists who dismiss his theories as pseudoscience and fault their underpinnings: his translations of ancient texts and his understanding of physics. 
  9. ^ Carroll, Robert T. The Skeptic's Dictionary. Zecharia Sitchin and The Earth Chronicles. John Wiley & Sons. 1994–2009 [2010-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-20）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Fraknoi, Andrew. The Dogon Tribe and Sirius B. Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. October 2009 [2011-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-16）. 
  11. ^ The Universe At Your Fingertips Activity: Activities With Astrology. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. [2007-12-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-05）. These activities help students to understand the difference between science and pseudoscience by investigating some of astrology's claims. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Statement of the position of the Iowa Academy of Science on Pseudoscience (PDF). Iowa Academy of Science. July 1986 [2016年8月3日]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007年6月26日）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 statement from the Russian Academy of Sciences.[1] Broken Link!
  14. ^ Pollak 2002, "Belief in pseudoscience is relatively widespread... More than 25 percent of the public believes in astrology, that is, that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives.
  15. ^ Fraknoi, Andrew. Dealing with Astrology, UFOs, and Faces on Other Worlds: A Guide to Addressing Astronomical Pseudoscience in the Classroom. Astronomy Education Review. 2003-01-01, 2 (2): 150–160. doi:10.3847/AER2003022. 
  16. ^ Fraknoi, Andrew. The Full Moon and Lunacy. Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. October 2009 [2011-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-16）. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Fraknoi, Andrew. The "Great Moon Hoax": Did Astronauts Land on the Moon?. Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. October 2009 [2011-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）. 
  18. ^ Knier, Gil; Bray, Becky. The Moon Landing Hoax. NASA. 2001-03-30 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-22）. Did we actually send humans to the Moon in the 1960s? Of course we did! 
  19. ^ Schilling, Govert. The Hunt For Planet X: New Worlds and the Fate of Pluto. Copernicus Books. 2009: 111. ISBN 0-387-77804-7. 
  20. ^ Morrison, David. Armageddon from Planet Nibiru in 2012? Not so fast (blog). discovery.com. 2008 [2009-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-24）. 
  21. ^ Plait, Phil. The Planet X Saga: Science (blog). badastronomy.com. 2003 [2009-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-08）. 
  22. ^ Myles Standish. Planet X – No dynamical evidence in the optical observations. Astronomical Journal. 1992-07-16, 105 (5): 2000–2006. Bibcode:1993AJ....105.2000S. doi:10.1086/116575. 
  23. ^ IISC Paper (PDF). [2016-08-03]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-27）. 
  24. ^ Indian Express Article. [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-28）. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 引用错误：没有为名为Shermer2002的参考文献提供内容
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 "Beyond Science", on season 8, episode 2. 美国科学前沿（英语：Scientific American Frontiers）. 公共广播电视公司. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. （原始内容存档于2006）. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Scientific American. [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-09）. 
  28. ^ National Science Foundation. ch. 7. Science and Engineering Indicators. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. 2002 [2018-04-06]. ISBN 978-0-7567-2369-9. （原始内容存档于2016-06-16）. Belief in pseudoscience is relatively widespread... A sizable minority of the public believes in UFOs and that aliens have landed on Earth. 
  29. ^ Nettleton, Paul. Peer Review: Who Built the Moon? by Christopher Knight & Alan Butler. The Guardian (London). 2005-09-01 [2011-11-05]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-04）. 
  30. ^ Angell, Ian O. Megalithic mathematics, ancient almanacs or neolithic nonsense. Bull. Inst. Math. Appl. 1978, 14 (10): 253–258. 
  31. ^ NCSE Tackles Climate Change Denial （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, National Center for Science Education, January 13th, 2012
  32. ^ Shermer, Michael. What Is Pseudoscience? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Scientific American, September 15, 2011
  33. ^ Morrison, David. The Parameters of Pseudoscience （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Skeptical Inquirer, Volume 37.2, March/April 2013. Book review of The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe, by Michael D. Gordin.
  34. ^ Brown, Michael. Adversaries, zombies and NIPCC climate pseudoscience （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ‘’Phys.org’’, Sep 26, 2013
  35. ^ Plait, Phil.Debunking the Denial: "16 Years of No Global Warming" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ‘’Slate.com’’, Jan. 14, 2013
  36. ^ Kennedy, D. An Unfortunate U-turn on Carbon. Science. 2001-03-30, 291 (5513): 5513 [2016-08-03]. doi:10.1126/science.1060922. （原始内容存档于2016-01-05）.  Subscription needed
  37. ^ Brown, R. G. E., Jr. Environmental science under siege: Fringe science and the 104th Congress, U. S. House of Representatives. (PDF). Report, Democratic Caucus of the Committee on Science (Washington, D. C.: U. S. House of Representatives). 1996-10-23 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-26）. 
  38. ^ Lahsen, Myanna. Technocracy, Democracy, and the U.S. Climate Politics: The Need for Demarcations. Science, Technology, & Human Values. Winter 2005, 30: 137–169. doi:10.1177/0162243904270710. 
  39. ^ Lysenkoism. Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-11）. 
  40. ^ Sterling, Bruce. Suicide by Pseudoscience 12 (6). Wired Magazine. June 2004 [2011-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-22）. 
  41. ^ Walker, Bruce. The Ghost of Lysenko. American Thinker. 2009-11-30 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-08）. 
  42. ^ Russell, Jeffrey B. The Myth of the Flat Earth. American Scientific Affiliation. [2007-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-22）. 
  43. ^ Sagan, Carl. Does truth matter? (PDF). : 8–9 [2016年8月3日]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008年6月26日）. [text of proclamation] activities of superstition and ignorance have been growing, and antiscience and pseudoscience cases have become frequent. Therefore, effective measures must be applied as soon as possible to strengthen public education in science. 
  44. ^ Guizzo, Erico. Loser: Hot or Not?. IEEE Spectrum. January 2009, 46: 36–38 [2016-02-08]. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2009.4734311. （原始内容存档于2016-02-07）. Why it’s a loser: Most experts don’t believe such lower states exist, and they say the experiments don’t present convincing evidence. 
  45. ^ Ross, Philip E. Winners & Losers VI. IEEE Spectrum. January 2009, 46: 31–32 [2016-08-03]. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2009.4734309. （原始内容存档于2009-02-15）. 
  46. ^ Morrison, Chris. Blacklight Power bolsters its impossible claims of a new renewable energy source. New York Times. 2008-10-21 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-17）. 
  47. ^ Gardner, M. Zero Point Energy and Harold Puthoff. Skeptical Inquirer. May–June 1998: 13. On the misuse of some physics ideas and cosmology. 
  48. ^ Ball, Philip. Burning water and other myths. Nature News. 2007-09-14 [2008-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-02-28）. 
  49. ^ Olsen, Brad. Future Esoteric: The Unseen Realms. CCC Publishing. : 326 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-02）. 
  50. ^ Roeckelein 2006, pp. 517–518. Jon E. Roeckelein (psychologist), 2006: "The current consensus of scientific opinion is that Reich's orgone theory is basically a psychoanalytic system gone awry, and is an approach that represents something most ludicrous and totally dismissible."
  51. ^ Jon E. Roeckelein. Elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories. Elsevier. 2006: 493, 517–518 [2016-08-03]. ISBN 978-0-444-51750-0. （原始内容存档于2016-09-01）. 
  52. ^ Arthur Wrobel. Pseudo-science and society in nineteenth-century America illustrated. University Press of Kentucky. 1987: 229 [2016-08-03]. ISBN 978-0-8131-1632-7. （原始内容存档于2013-08-03）. 
  53. ^ Evelyn Lip. Feng Shui for Harmony in the Home. : 11 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-02）. 
  54. ^ Banister Fletcher; James C. Palmes. Sir Banister Fletcher's A history of architecture. : 149 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-02）. 
  55. ^ Timothy Richard's Vision. The Lutterworth Press. : 16 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-02）. 
  56. ^ Narlikar, Jayant V. Astronomy, pseudoscience and rational thinking. Percy, John; Pasachoff, Jay (编). Teaching and Learning Astronomy: Effective Strategies for Educators Worldwide. Cambridge University Press. 2009: 165 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-18）. 
  57. ^ Quack, Johannes. Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India. Oxford University Press. 2012: 170 [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-18）. 
  58. ^ Sokal, Alan. Beyond the Hoax: Science, Philosophy and Culture. Oxford University Press. 2008: 306–307 [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-18）. 
  59. ^ Nanda, Meera. The Science Wars in India. DISSENT. 1997, 44 (1) [2016-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-09）. 
  60. ^ 't Hooft, Gerard. Editorial note. Foundations of Physics. 2008, 38 (1): 1–2. Bibcode:2008FoPh...38....1T. doi:10.1007/s10701-007-9187-8. [永久失效連結]
  61. ^ Preiss, Byron. The Planets. Bantam Books. 1985: 27. ISBN 0-553-05109-1. 
  62. ^ Goode, Jamie. The science of wine: from vine to glass. University of California Press. 2006-03-01. ISBN 978-0-520-24800-7. [页码请求]
  63. ^ Chalker-Scott, Linda. The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture (PDF). Master Gardener Magazine. 2004 [2016-08-04]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2005-03-04）.  参数|magazine=与模板{{cite journal}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite magazine}}或|journal=） (帮助)
  64. ^ Smith, D. On Fertile Ground? Objections to Biodynamics. The World of Fine Wine (archived at Skeptical Inquirer) (. 2006, (12): 108–113 [2013-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-24）. 
  65. ^ Kirchmann, Holger. Biological dynamic farming – an occult form of alternative agriculture?. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics. 1994, 7 (2): 173–187. doi:10.1007/BF02349036. 
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding. Science Fiction and Pseudoscience. National Science Foundation. [2016-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）. 
  67. ^ 67.0 67.1 Frean, Alexandra. Universities drop degree courses in alternative medicine. . The Times. 2009-01-30 [2012-11-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-26）. Universities are increasingly turning their backs on homoeopathy and complementary medicine amid opposition from the scientific community to 'pseudo-science' degrees. 
  68. ^ Corbyn., Zoë. Experts criticise 'pseudo-scientific' complementary medicine degrees.. Times Higher Education. 2008-04-24 [2015-05-29]. 
  69. ^ Highfield, Roger. Alternative medicine degrees 'anti-scientific'. The Daily Telegraph (London). 2007-03-22 [2012-05-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-13）. 
  70. ^ The False Science of Cryonics. MIT Technology Review. [2019-01-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-02）. 
  71. ^ Does Cold reality versus the wishful thinking of cryonics?. Science-Based Medicine（英语：Science-Based Medicine）. [2019-01-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-25）. 
  72. ^ von Rohra, E.; Pampallonab, S.; van Wegberga, B.; Hürnyc, Ch.; Bernhardd, J.; Heussere, P.; Cernyf, Th. Experiences in the realisation of a research project on anthroposophical medicine in patients with advanced cancer (PDF). Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 2000, 130 (34): 1173–84 [2016-08-04]. PMID 11013920. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）. 
  73. ^ Klotter, Jule. Anthroposophical Medicine. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. 2006, 24 (1): 274. 
  74. ^ Kiene, Helmut. Complementary Methodology in Clinical Research – Cognition-based Medicine. Heidelberg, New York: Springer Publishers. 2001. ISBN 3-540-41022-8. 
  75. ^ anonymous. Miscellaneous Holistic Remedies. Holistic Online. [2008-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-17）. 
  76. ^ Anonymous. The Position of Anthroposophic Medicine. Internationale Vereinigung Anthroposophischer Ärztegesellschaften (International Federation of Anthroposophic Medical Associations). 2004-11-13 [2008-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-22）. Some medicines are similar to herbal medicinal products, some are prepared according to the guidelines of homeopathic pharmacopoeias. 
  77. ^ Alm, JS; Swartz, J; Lilja, G; Scheynius, A; Pershagen, G. Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle (PDF). Lancet. May 1999, 353 (9163): 1485–8 [2016年8月4日]. PMID 10232315. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09344-1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2005年12月12日）. 
  78. ^ Flöistrup, Helen; Swartz, Jackie; Bergström, Anna; Alm, Johan S.; Scheynius, Annika; van Hage, Marianne; Waser, Marco; Braunfahrlander, C; et al. Allergic disease and sensitization in Steiner school children. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. January 2006, 117 (1): 59–66 [2008-03-03]. PMID 16387585. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.039. 
  79. ^ Klotter, Jule. Anthroposophic lifestyle & allergies in children.(Shorts). Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. May 2006, 24 (2): 274. 
  80. ^ 80.0 80.1 Carroll, Robert. anthroposophic medicine. Skeptic's Dictionary. [2008-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-02）. 
  81. ^ Hansson, Sven Ove. Is Anthroposophy Science?. Conceptus. 1991, XXV (64): 37–49. The claims that anthroposophy is a science are not justified. 
  82. ^ Ernst, Edzard. Mistletoe as a treatment for cancer. BMJ. 2006, 333 (7582): 1282–3. PMC 1761165  . PMID 17185706. doi:10.1136/bmj.39055.493958.80. Anthroposophic drugs are based on ancient alchemistic and homeopathic notions, far removed from the concepts of pharmacology. 
  83. ^ Ernst, Edzard, "Anthroposophical Medicine: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials." Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, ISSN 0043-5325, 2004, vol. 116, no4, pp. 128–130
  84. ^ Blatchford, Emily. Chicken Pox 'Parties' Are Dangerous And Unnecessary, Experts Say. 2016-03-07 [2020-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-25） –通过Huff Post. Given the highly contagious nature of chicken pox, the thinking behind such events was, seeing as the child would probably contract it at some point anyway, why not catch it early and get it over with? 
  85. ^ "英美流行的奇葩「水痘派對」，是對現代傳染病防治的巨大羞辱". 2020-03-21 [2020-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-27） –通过北京新浪網. 其實這些「水痘派對」的前提是，大多數感染水痘的人永遠不會再感染水痘。但目前沒有科學證據表明一次感染就能終身免疫。相反，它隱藏著更大的安全隱患。主動感染水痘有可能會引起嚴重的皮膚感染、腦炎和肺炎等併發症，嚴重的甚至導致死亡。 
  86. ^ Report of the Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners, In Opposition to the Licensure of Naturopaths (PDF). Massachusetts Medical Society. [2008-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-21）. Many of the means by which naturopaths diagnose these toxins and allergies are outright quackery: electrodiagnostic devices (banned by the FDA as worthless), hair analysis, applied kinesiology, iridology, and more. 
  87. ^ 87.0 87.1 Applied Kinesiology. American Cancer Society. 2007-05-23 [2008-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-27）. Available scientific evidence does not support the claim that applied kinesiology can diagnose or treat cancer or other illness. 
  88. ^ Applied Kinesiology Status Statement. International College of Applied Kinesiology. 1992-06-16 [2008-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2008-03-22）. 
  89. ^ Such as the existence of the geologic column; see Morton, Glenn. The Geologic Column and its Implications for the Flood. TalkOrigins Archive. [2016-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-07）. 
  90. ^ 打破大腦偽科學（二版）：右腦不會比左腦更有創意，男生的方向感也不會比女生好. [2024-03-18]. ISBN 9789869833868. （原始内容存档于2024-03-18）. 
  91. ^ 《打破大腦偽科學》：與其相信那些開發腦力的都市傳說. 關鍵評論. [2024-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-18）. 
  92. ^ 穿着脑科学外衣的伪科学. 科普中國. [2024-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-18）. 
  93. ^ 人類大腦其實只用了10%？醫師破解迷思：已經使用100%了，只是運作機制尚不明. 風傳媒. [2024-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-18）. 
  94. ^ 人腦有90%未開發？這是上世紀30年代的一場誤會. Taiwan Yahoo News. [2024-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-18）. 
  95. ^ 大脑真的只用了不到5%？. 人民網科技日報. [2024-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-18）. 并不是我们只使用了大脑的5%，只不过是这个大脑如何运作的不解之谜，我们仅仅解开了5%而已。 
  96. ^ Neuromyth 4. OECD Education. （原始内容存档于2023-12-02）. all existing data shows that we use a 100% of our brains 
  97. ^ Niggemann, B.; Gruber, C. Unproven diagnostic procedures in IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Allergy. August 2004, 59 (8): 806–808 [2016-08-04]. PMID 15230811. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00495.x. （原始内容存档于2018-03-10）. 
  98. ^ Gerez, IF; Shek, LP; Chng, HH; Lee, BW. Diagnostic tests for food allergy (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. January 2010, 51 (1): 4–9 [2016-08-04]. PMID 20200768. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-10-05）. 
  99. ^ Waserman, Susan; Watson, Wade. Food allergy (PDF). Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. January 2011, 7 (Suppl 1): S7 [2016-08-04]. PMC 3245440  . PMID 22166142. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S7. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-10-17）. 
  100. ^ Wüthrich, B. Unproven techniques in allergy diagnosis (PDF). Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology. 2005, 15 (2): 86–90 [2016-08-04]. PMID 16047707. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-12）. 
  101. ^ Beyer, K; Teuber, SS. Food allergy diagnostics: scientific and unproven procedures. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. June 2005, 5 (3): 261–6. PMID 15864086. doi:10.1097/01.all.0000168792.27948.f9. 
  102. ^ Sicherer, S. H.; Wood, R. A. Allergy Testing in Childhood: Using Allergen-Specific IgE Tests (PDF). Pediatrics. December 2011, 129 (1): 193–197 [2016-08-04]. PMID 22201146. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2382. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-09-11）. 
  103. ^ 103.0 103.1 Bernstein, IL; Li, JT; Bernstein, DI; Hamilton, R; Spector, SL; Tan, R; Sicherer, S; Golden, DB; et al. Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter (PDF). Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. March 2008, 100 (3, Supplement 3): S1–148 [2016-08-04]. PMID 18431959. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60305-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-04）. 
  104. ^ 104.0 104.1 Teuber, Suzanne S.; Porch-Curren, Cristina. Unproved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to food allergy and intolerance. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. June 2003, 3 (3): 217–221. PMID 12840706. doi:10.1097/00130832-200306000-00011. 
  105. ^ Ortolani C, C; Bruijnzeel-Koomen C; Bengtsson U; et al. Controversial aspects of adverse reactions to food. European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Reactions to Food Subcommittee. Allergy. January 1999, 54 (1): 27–45 [2016-08-04]. PMID 10195356. doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00913.x. （原始内容存档于2016-08-31）. 
  106. ^ Boyce, JA; Assa'ad A; Burks AW; et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel (PDF). The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. December 2010, 126 (6 Suppl.): S1–S58 [2016-08-04]. PMID 21134576. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.007. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-25）. 
  107. ^ Sackeyfio, A.; Senthinathan, A.; Kandaswamy, P.; Barry, P. W.; Shaw, B.; Baker, M. Diagnosis and assessment of food allergy in children and young people: summary of NICE guidance. British Medical Journal. February 2011, 342: d747. PMID 21345912. doi:10.1136/bmj.d747. 
  108. ^ 108.0 108.1 108.2 Unorthodox techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of allergy, asthma and immune disorders. Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy. November 2007 [2012-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2011年12月28日）. 
  109. ^ Motala, C; Hawarden, D. Guideline: Diagnostic testing in allergy (PDF). South African Medical Journal. July 2009, 99 (7): 531–535 [2016-08-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-10-23）. 
  110. ^ Morris, A. Complementary and Alternative Allergy Tests. Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology. March 2006, 19 (1): 26–28. 
  111. ^ Peter Barrett (2004), Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding, p. 18, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-567-08969-X.
  112. ^ Quackenbush, Thomas R. Better Eyesight The complete magazines of William H. Bates. North Atlantic Books. 2000: 643. ISBN 1-55643-351-4. 
  113. ^ Worrall, Russell S.; Nevyas, Jacob; Barrett, Stephen. Eye-Related Quackery. 2007-09-12 [2007-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-04）. The claims Bates made in advertising his book were so dubious that in 1929 the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint against him for advertising "falsely or misleadingly" 
  114. ^ Pollack, P. Chapter 3: Fallacies of the Bates System. The Truth about Eye Exercises. Philadelphia: Chilton Co. 1956 [2016-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-19）. 
  115. ^ Skarnulis, Leanna. Natural Vision Correction: Does It Work?. WebMD. 2007-02-05 [2016-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-01）. No evidence was found that visual training had any effect on the progression of nearsightedness, or that it improved visual function for patients with farsightedness or astigmatism, or that it improved vision lost to diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, or diabetic retinopathy. 
  116. ^ Gardner, Martin. Chapter 19: Throw Away Your Glasses. Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Courier Dover. 1957: 230–241. ISBN 0-486-20394-8. Actually, Bates' theory of accommodation (so necessary to explain the value of his exercises) is so patently absurd that even most of his present-day followers have discarded it. 
  117. ^ Bradley, Robyn E. Advocates See Only Benefits From Eye Exercises (PDF). The Boston Globe (MA). 2003-09-23 [2016年8月4日]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012年10月31日）. 
  118. ^ Marg, E. "Flashes" of clear vision and negative accommodation with reference to the Bates Method of visual training (PDF). Am J Opt Arch Am Ac Opt. 1952, 29 (4): 167–84 [2016年8月4日]. doi:10.1097/00006324-195204000-00001. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008年5月29日）. 
  119. ^ Randi, James. Swift: the weekly newsletter of the JREF. 2006-11-11 [2007-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2011年2月24日）. This is pure old quackery, it’s wishful thinking, and it’s profitable. 
  120. ^ Biological Rhythms: Implications for the Worker. OTA-BA-463 Box 2-A pg. 30. Office of Technology Assessment. September 1991 [2008-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）. "No evidence exists to support the concept of biorhythms; in fact, scientific data refute their existence. 
  121. ^ Carroll, Robert Todd. Biorhythms. Skeptic's Dictionary. [2008-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-19）. The theory of biorhythms is a pseudoscientific theory that claims our daily lives are significantly affected by rhythmic cycles overlooked by scientists who study biological rhythms. 
  122. ^ Hines, Terence. Comprehensive Review of Biorhythm Theory. Psychological Reports. 1998, 83 (1): 19–64 [2008-02-20]. PMID 9775660. doi:10.2466/PR0.83.5.19-64. （原始内容 (pdf (summary))存档于2009年2月12日）. The conclusion is that biorhythm theory is not valid. 
  123. ^ 123.0 123.1 Smith, SE. Body Memories: And Other Pseudo-Scientific Notions of "Survivor Psychology". Issues in Child Abuse Accusations. 1993, 5 (4) [2016-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-02）. 
  124. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, SJ; Lohr, JM (编). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. The Guilford Press. 2002. ISBN 1-57230-828-1. 
  125. ^ Brain Gym – FAQ. The Official Brain Gym Web Site. [2008-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-13）. BRAIN GYM works by facilitating optimal achievement of mental potential through specific movement experiences. All acts of speech, hearing, vision, and coordination are learned through a complex repertoire of movements. BRAIN GYM promotes efficient communication among the many nerve cells and functional centers located throughout the brain and sensory motor system. 
  126. ^ About Brain Gym. [2016-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-14）. 
  127. ^ Neuroscience and Education: Issues and Opportunities (PDF). the ESRC's Teaching and Learning Research Programme. [2007-08-03]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007年9月28日）. The pseudo-scientific terms that are used to explain how this works, let alone the concepts they express, are unrecognisable within the domain of neuroscience. 
  128. ^ Goswami, Usha. Neuroscience and education: from research to practice?. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. May 2006, 7 (5): 406–413 [2008-08-11]. PMID 16607400. doi:10.1038/nrn1907. （原始内容存档于2016-07-25）. Cognitive neuroscience is making rapid strides in areas highly relevant to education. However, there is a gulf between current science and direct classroom applications. Most scientists would argue that filling the gulf is premature. Nevertheless, at present, teachers are at the receiving end of numerous 'brain-based learning' packages. Some of these contain alarming amounts of misinformation, yet such packages are being used in many schools.  
  129. ^ Sense About Science – Brain Gym (PDF). Sense About Science. [2008-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-22）. These exercises are being taught with pseudoscientific explanations that undermine science teaching and mislead children about how their bodies work. ... There have been a few peer reviewed scientific studies into the methods of Brain Gym, but none of them found a significant improvement in general academic skills. 
  130. ^ Hyatt, Keith J. Brain Gym – Building Stronger Brains or Wishful Thinking?. Remedial and Special Education (SAGE Publications). April 2007, 28 (2): 117–124 [2008-09-12]. ISSN 0741-9325. doi:10.1177/07419325070280020201. （原始内容存档于2008-06-02）. a review of the theoretical foundations of Brain Gym and the associated peer-reviewed research studies failed to support the contentions of the promoters of Brain Gym. Educators are encouraged to become informed consumers of research and to avoid implementing programming for which there is neither a credible theoretical nor a sound research basis.  
  131. ^ Gray, Sadie. News in brief. London: The Times. 2008-04-05 [2008-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-06）. Paul Dennison, a Californian educator who created the programme, admitted that many claims in his teacher’s guide were based on his 'hunches' and were not proper science. 
  132. ^ An Introduction to Chiropractic. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. November 2007 [2009-01-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-05）. 
  133. ^ Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic programs and requirements for institutional status (PDF). The Council on Chiropractic Education. 2007 [2008-02-14]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008年2月16日）. 
  134. ^ Nelson, CF; Lawrence, DJ; Triano, JJ; Bronfort, Gert; Perle, Stephen M; Metz, R Douglas; Hegetschweiler, Kurt; Labrot, Thomas. Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession. Chiropractic & Osteopathy. July 2005, 13 (1): 9. PMC 1185558  . PMID 16000175. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-9. 
  135. ^ Grod, JP; Sikorski, D; Keating, JC. Unsubstantiated claims in patient brochures from the largest state, provincial, and national chiropractic associations and research agencies. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. October 2001, 24 (8): 514–9. PMID 11677551. doi:10.1067/mmt.2001.118205. 
  136. ^ Keating, JC Jr; Cleveland, CS III; Menke, M. Chiropractic history: a primer (PDF). Association for the History of Chiropractic. 2005 [2008-06-16]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016年12月30日）. 
  137. ^ Keating, JC Jr. Chiropractic: science and antiscience and pseudoscience side by side. Skept Inq. 1997, 21 (4): 37–43. 
  138. ^ Johnson, T. Angry scientists fight university's attempt to affiliate with chiropractic college. Canadian Medical Association Journal. December 1999, 160: 99–100. 
  139. ^ First public chiropractic school causes stir. MSNBC. 2005-01-17 [2010-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-04）. 
  140. ^ Ernst, E; Canter, PH. A systematic review of systematic reviews of spinal manipulation. J R Soc Med. April 2006, 99 (4): 192–6. PMC 1420782  . PMID 16574972. doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.4.192. 
  141. ^ Bronfort, G; Haas, M; Evans, R; Kawchuk, G; Dagenais, S. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization. The Spine Journal. 2008, 8 (1): 213–25. PMID 18164469. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.023. 
  142. ^ Assendelft, WJ; Morton, SC; Yu, EI; Suttorp, MJ; Shekelle, PG. Assendelft, Willem JJ , 编. Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004, (1): CD000447. PMID 14973958. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000447.pub2. 
  143. ^ Ernst, E. Chiropractic: a critical evaluation. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. May 2008, 35 (5): 544–62. PMID 18280103. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004. 
  144. ^ Thiel, HW; Bolton, JE; Docherty, S; Portlock, JC. Safety of chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine: a prospective national survey. Spine. October 2007, 32 (21): 2375–8; discussion 2379. PMID 17906581. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181557bb1. 
  145. ^ Ernst E. Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. July 2007, 100 (7): 330–8. PMC 1905885  . PMID 17606755. doi:10.1258/jrsm.100.7.330. 
  146. ^ Vohra, S; Johnston, BC; Cramer, K; Humphreys, K. Adverse events associated with pediatric spinal manipulation: a systematic review. Pediatrics. January 2007, 119 (1): e275–83. PMID 17178922. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1392. 
  147. ^ Barrett, Stephen. Chiropractic's Dirty Secret: Neck Manipulation and Strokes. Quackwatch. 2008-07-31 [2009-01-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-18）. 
  148. ^ Gouveia, LO; Castanho, P; Ferreira, JJ. Safety of chiropractic interventions: a systematic review. Spine. May 2009, 34 (11): E405–13. PMID 19444054. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a16d63. 
  149. ^ Keating, Joseph C. The Meanings of Innate. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. March 2002, 46 (1): 4–10. PMC 2505097  . 
  150. ^ Chiropractic: A Profession Seeking Identity. CSICOP. [2009-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2009年10月4日）. 
  151. ^ Barrett, S. Gastrointestinal Quackery: Colonics, Laxatives, and More. Quackwatch. 2008-03-09 [2008-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-19）. 
  152. ^ 152.0 152.1 ACS: Colon Therapy. [2008-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2012年11月19日）. 
  153. ^ The Craniosacral Therapy Association of the UK. [2016-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-11）. 
  154. ^ Craniosacral Therapy. The Upledger Institute. 2001 [2004-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2004年2月12日）. 
  155. ^ Ferrett, Mij. What Is Craniosacral Therapy?. 1998 [2004-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-03-04）. 
  156. ^ General information on Cranial Osteopathy. The Sutherland Society. [2006-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2006年1月5日）. 
  157. ^ Green, C; Martin, CW; Bassett, K; Kazanjian, A. A systematic review of craniosacral therapy: biological plausibility, assessment reliability and clinical effectiveness. Complement Ther Med. 1999, 7 (4): 201–7. PMID 10709302. doi:10.1016/S0965-2299(99)80002-8.  An earlier version of the paper is available without a subscription: Green, C; Martin, CW; Bassett, K; Kazanjian, A. A systematic review and critical appraisal of the scientific evidence on craniosacral therapy (PDF). BCOHTA 99:1J. British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment. 1999 [2007-10-08]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008年2月29日）. 
  158. ^ Norcross, John C.; Koocher, Gerald P.; Garofalo, Ariele. Discredited psychological treatments and tests: A Delphi poll. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2006, 37 (5): 515–522. ISSN 1939-1323. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515. 
  159. ^ Wheeler, Thomas J. A Scientific Look at Alternative Medicine (PDF). 2006-02-21 [2012-01-12]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年9月22日）. 
  160. ^ Bledsoe, Bryan E. The Elephant in the Room: Does OMT Have Proved Benefit?. JAOA: Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2004-10-01, 104 (10): 405–406 [2012-01-12]. PMID 15537794. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）. 
  161. ^ Hartman, Steve E. Cranial osteopathy: its fate seems clear. Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 2006-06-08, 14: 10. ISSN 1746-1340. PMC 1564028  . PMID 16762070. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-14-10. 
  162. ^ Cranial Manipulative Therapy. [2012-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-10）. 
  163. ^ Atwood, Kimball C. Naturopathy, Pseudoscience, and Medicine: Myths and Fallacies vs Truth. Medscape General Medicine. 2004-03-26, 6 (1): 33. ISSN 1531-0132. 
  164. ^ Campion 1993，第282–3頁
  165. ^ Carroll, Robert Todd. crystal power. The Skeptic's Dictionary. [2007-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-12）. 
  166. ^ Seely, D.R., Quigley, S.M., Langman, A.W. Ear candles: Efficacy and safety. Laryngoscope. 1996, 106 (10): 1226–9. PMID 8849790. doi:10.1097/00005537-199610000-00010. 
  167. ^ Beatty M.D., Charles W. Ear Candling: Is it Safe?. MayoClinic.org. Mayo Clinic. [2014-06-07]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-16）. 
  168. ^ Chevalier, Gaetan; Sinatra, Stephan; Oschman, James; Sokal, Karol; Sokal, Pawel. Earthing: Health Implications of Reconnecting the Human Body to the Earth's Surface Electrons. Journal of Environmental Public Health. 2012, 2012 (291541): 1–8. PMC 3265077  . PMID 22291721. doi:10.1155/2012/291541. 
  169. ^ Oschman, James. Can Electrons Act as Antioxidants? A Review and Commentary. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2007-11-09, 13 (9): 955–967. PMID 18047442. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7048. 
  170. ^ Röösli, M; Moser, M; Baldinini, Y; Meier, M; Braun-Fahrländer, C. Symptoms of ill health ascribed to electromagnetic field exposure – a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. February 2004, 207 (2): 141–50. PMID 15031956. doi:10.1078/1438-4639-00269. 
  171. ^ Rubin, G James; Das Munshi, Jayati; Wessely, Simon. Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review of Provocation Studies. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2005, 67 (2): 224–232. PMID 15784787. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000155664.13300.64. 
  172. ^ Goldacre, Ben. Electrosensitives: the new cash cow of the woo industry. BadScience/The Guardian. [2007-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-22）. 
  173. ^ Electromagnetic fields and public health. [2007-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2007年11月16日）. 
  174. ^ National Science Foundation. Science and Engineering Indicators – 2002. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. 2002: ch. 7 [2016-08-04]. ISBN 978-0-16-066579-0. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）.  "Belief in pseudoscience is relatively widespread... Polls also show that one quarter to more than half of the public believes in ... faith healing."
  175. ^ Frazier, Kendrick. In the Land of Galileo, Fifth World Skeptics Congress Solves Mysteries, Champions Scientific Outlook. Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. January 2005 [2007-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-17）. The majority of rigorous trials show no effect beyond placebo. (Edzard Ernst) 
  176. ^ Copper and Magnetic Bracelets Do Not Work for Rheumatoid Arthritis; randi.org. [2016-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-19）. 
  177. ^ Quackwear: Big Pseudoscience Wants to Sell You Wearable Metal to Improve Your Health; Alternet; January 10, 2015.. [2016-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-13）. 
  178. ^ Kayne, SB; Caldwell, IM. Homeopathic pharmacy: theory and practice 2nd. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2006: 52 [2016-08-05]. ISBN 978-0-443-10160-1. （原始内容存档于2016-09-02）. 
  179. ^ Goldacre, Ben. Benefits and Risks of Homoeopathy. The Lancet. 2007-11-17, 370 (9600): 1672–1673. PMID 18022024. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61706-1. Five large meta-analyses of homoeopathy trials have been done. All have had the same result: after excluding methodologically inadequate trials and accounting for publication bias, homoeopathy produced no statistically significant benefit over placebo. 
  180. ^ Homoeopathy's benefit questioned. BBC News. 2005-08-25 [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-03）. Professor Egger said: "We acknowledge to prove a negative is impossible. But good large studies of homeopathy do not show a difference between the placebo and the homoeopathic remedy, whereas in the case of conventional medicines you still see an effect." 
  181. ^ Homeopathy: systematic review of systematic reviews. Bandolier. [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2008年5月26日）. None of these systematic reviews provided any convincing evidence that homeopathy was effective for any condition. The lesson was often that the best designed trials had the most negative result 
  182. ^ Questions and Answers About Homeopathy. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. April 2003 [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-31）. In sum, systematic reviews have not found homeopathy to be a definitively proven treatment for any medical condition. 
  183. ^ Beyerstein, BL. Distinguishing Science from Pseudoscience (PDF). 1997 [2007-07-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-07-11）. 
  184. ^ CSICOP, cited in National Science Foundation Subcommittee on Science & Engineering Indicators. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding: Science Fiction and Pseudoscience. National Science Foundation. 2000 [2007-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）. 
  185. ^ NCAHF Position Paper on Homeopathy. National Council Against Health Fraud. 1994 [2007-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）. 
  186. ^ Tyler, Chris. Sense About Homeopathy (PDF). Sense About Science. September 2006 [2008-01-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007年10月4日）. The scientific evidence shows that homeopathy acts only as a placebo and there is no scientific explanation of how it could work any other way. 
  187. ^ Questions and Answers About Homeopathy. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. April 2003 [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-31）. a number of its key concepts do not follow the laws of science (particularly chemistry and physics) 
  188. ^ What is Homeopathy. American Cancer Society. 2000-01-05 [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2008-01-20）. Most scientists say homeopathic remedies are basically water and can act only as placebos. 
  189. ^ Scientists attack homeopathy move.. BBC News. 2006-10-25 [2008-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-21）. In a statement, the Royal College of Pathologists said they were "deeply alarmed" that the regulation of medicine had "moved away from science and clear information for the public" 
  190. ^ Iridology. Natural Standard. 2005-07-07 [2008-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2010年8月24日）. Research suggests that iridology is not an effective method to diagnose or help treat any specific medical condition. 
  191. ^ Ernst, E. Iridology: not useful and potentially harmful. Archives of ophthalmology. January 2000, 118 (1): 120–1. PMID 10636425. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.120. 
  192. ^ H-175.998 Evaluation of Iridology (PDF). American Medical Association. [2009-07-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-03-20）. Our AMA believes that iridology, the study of the iris of the human eye, has not yet been established as having any merit as a diagnostic technique. 
  193. ^ Kalichman, Seth C. Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy. Springer. 2009-01-16: 167 [2016-08-05]. ISBN 978-0-387-79476-1. （原始内容存档于2016-09-02）. 
  194. ^ 194.0 194.1 Leaky gut syndrome. NHS Choices. 2013-04-09 [2013-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-31）. 
  195. ^ Cormier, Zoe. 'Talk Therapy' Takes On Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Coming Soon To Canada. The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2008-03-08 [2011-05-25]. 
  196. ^ 196.0 196.1 Felstein, Roma. Could ME be caused by too much adrenaline?. The Daily Mail (London). 2007-01-09 [2016-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-20）. 
  197. ^ Park, Robert L. The Virtual Astronaut. Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 2000: 61. ISBN 0-19-513515-6. Not only are magnetic fields of no value in healing, you might characterize these as "homeopathic" magnetic fields. 
  198. ^ National Science Foundation. 7. Science and Engineering Indicators – 2002. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. 2002 [2016-08-04]. ISBN 978-0-16-066579-0. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）. Among all who had heard of [magnet therapy], 14 percent said it was very scientific and another 54 percent said it was sort of scientific. Only 25 percent of those surveyed answered correctly, that is, that it is not at all scientific. 
  199. ^ 199.0 199.1 199.2 Report 12 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-97). American Medical Association. 1997 [2016年8月6日]. （原始内容存档于2009年6月14日）. 
  200. ^ 200.0 200.1 200.2 Ayurvedic medicine. Quackwatch. [2008-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-10）. 
  201. ^ Sharp, Lesley A. Review of Fluent bodies: Ayourvedic Remedies for Postcolonial Imbalance. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. December 2003, 17 (4): 511–512 [2008-08-16]. doi:10.1525/maq.2003.17.4.512. 
  202. ^ 202.0 202.1 Carroll, Robert Todd. The Skeptic's Dictionary. John Wiley and Sons. 2003: 45–4?. ISBN 0-471-27242-6. 
  203. ^ Sarris, J., and Wardle, J. 2010. Clinical naturopathy: an evidence-based guide to practice. Elsevier Australia. Chatswood, NSW.
  204. ^ Atwood KC. Naturopathy, pseudoscience, and medicine: myths and fallacies vs truth. Medscape Gen Med. 2004-03-26, 6 (1): 33. PMC 1140750  . PMID 15208545. 
  205. ^ 205.0 205.1 Barrett S. A close look at naturopathy. www.quackwatch.org. 2003-12-23 [2012-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-06）. 
  206. ^ McKnight, P. Naturopathy's main article of faith cannot be validated: Reliance on vital forces leaves its practises based on beliefs without scientific backing. Vancouver Sun. 2009-03-07 [2009-03-21]. [失效連結]
  207. ^ National Science Board. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding – Science Fiction and Pseudoscience. Science and engineering indicators. Arlington, Virginia: National Science Foundation Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences. April 2002 [2016-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）. 
  208. ^ Wahlberg A. A quackery with a difference – new medical pluralism and the problem of 'dangerous practitioners' in the United Kingdom. Social Science & Medicine. 2007, 65 (11): 2307–2316. PMID 17719708. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.024. 
  209. ^ Iridology is nonsense. （原始内容存档于2011-04-06）. , a web page with further references
  210. ^ Carroll, Robert. Natural. The Skeptic's Dictionary. [2009-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. 
  211. ^ NCAHF Position Paper on Over the Counter Herbal Remedies (1995). National Council Against Health Fraud. 1995 [2009-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-07）. 
  212. ^ Yang, M; Yuping, Y; Yin, X; Wang, BY; Wu, T; Liu, GJ; Dong, BR. Dong, Bi Rong , 编. Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013, 2 (2): CD006338. PMID 23450568. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006338.pub3. 
  213. ^ Posadzki, P.; Lee, M. S.; Ernst, E. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for Pediatric Conditions: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics. 2013, 132 (1): 140–52. PMID 23776117. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3959. 
  214. ^ Hondras, Maria A; Linde, Klaus; Jones, Arthur P. Hondras, Maria A , 编. Manual therapy for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005, (2): CD001002. PMID 15846609. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001002.pub2. 
  215. ^ Guglielmo, WJ. Are D.O.s losing their unique identity?. Medical economics. 1998, 75 (8): 200–2, 207–10, 213–4. PMID 10179479. 
  216. ^ Salzberg, Steven. Osteopathic Physicians Versus Doctors. Forbes. 2010-10-27 [2013-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-18）. 
  217. ^ Cordón, LA. Rolfing. Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia (Greenwood Publishing Group). January 2005: 217–218. ISBN 978-0-313-32457-4. 
  218. ^ Baggoley C. Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance (PDF). Australian Government – Department of Health. 2015 [2016-08-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-06-26）. 简明摘要 – Gavura, S. Australian review finds no benefit to 17 natural therapies. Science-Based Medicine. (2015-11-19). 
  219. ^ Wallace, Sampson; Vaughn, Lewis. "Therapeutic Touch" Fails a Rare Scientific Test. CSICOP News. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 1998-03-24 [2007-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）. Despite this lack of evidence, TT is now supported by major nursing organizations such as the National League of Nurses and the American Nurses Association. 
  220. ^ O'Mathuna, DP; Ashford, RL. O'Mathúna, Dónal P , 编. Therapeutic touch for healing acute wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003–2006, 2003 (4): CD002766 [2008-01-27]. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002766. （原始内容存档于2011-09-17）. 
  221. ^ Courcey, Kevin. Further Notes on Therapeutic Touch. Quackwatch. [2007-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-09）. What's missing from all of this, of course, is any statement by Krieger and her disciples about how the existence of their energy field can be demonstrated by scientifically accepted methods. 
  222. ^ Energy Medicine: An Overview. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. 2007-10-24 [2007-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-22）. neither the external energy fields nor their therapeutic effects have been demonstrated convincingly by any biophysical means. 
  223. ^ Unschuld, Paul Ulrich. Medicine in China: A History of Ideas. University of California Press. 1985. ISBN 0-520-06216-7. 
  224. ^ 224.0 224.1 224.2 224.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment. Complementary/Integrative Medicine Therapies. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. [12 February 2009]. [永久失效連結]
  225. ^ The Roots of Qi. CSICOP. [12 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-13）. 
  226. ^ 226.0 226.1 226.2 226.3 NIH Consensus Development Program. Acupuncture --Consensus Development Conference Statement. National Institutes of Health. 3–5 November 1997 [17 July 2007]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-22）. 
  227. ^ Barrett, Stephen. Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and "Chinese Medicine". Quackwatch. 30 December 2007 [4 January 2009]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-02）. 
  228. ^ 228.0 228.1 228.2 NCAHF Position Paper on Acupuncture (1990). National Council Against Health Fraud. 16 September 1990 [30 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）. 
  229. ^ Maciocia, Giovanni. The Foundations of Chinese Medicine. Churchill Livingstone. 1989. ISBN 0-443-03980-1. 
  230. ^ Barrett, Stephen. Why TCM Diagnosis Is Worthless. Acupuncture Watch. 28 March 2008 [16 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-16）. 
  231. ^ 231.0 231.1 Traditional Medicine and Pseudoscience in China: A Report of the Second CSICOP Delegation (Part 1). CSICOP. [12 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009年10月4日）. 
  232. ^ 232.0 232.1 Mann, Felix. Reinventing Acupuncture: A New Concept of Ancient Medicine.. London: Butterworth Heinemann,. 1996: 14. ...acupuncture points are no more real than the black spots that a drunkard sees in front of his eyes. 
  233. ^ Kaptchuk. unknown. 1983: 34–35. 
  234. ^ White, A.; Ernst, E. A brief history of acupuncture. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004, 43 (5): 662–663. PMID 15103027. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg005. 
  235. ^ 235.0 235.1 235.2 235.3 Ernst, E; Pittler, MH; Wider, B; Boddy, K. Acupuncture: its evidence-base is changing. Am J Chin Med. 2007, 35 (1): 21–5. PMID 17265547. doi:10.1142/S0192415X07004588. 
  236. ^ White, AR; Filshie, J; Cummings, TM; International Acupuncture Research Forum. Clinical trials of acupuncture: consensus recommendations for optimal treatment, sham controls and blinding. Complement Ther Med. 2001, 9 (4): 237–245. PMID 12184353. doi:10.1054/ctim.2001.0489. 
  237. ^ Johnson, MI. The clinical effectiveness of acupuncture for pain relief – you can be certain of uncertainty. Acupunct Med. 2006, 24 (2): 71–9. PMID 16783282. doi:10.1136/aim.24.2.71. 
  238. ^ Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public. Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States. National Academies Press: 126. 2005 [2016-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-09）. 
  239. ^ Madsen, MV; Gøtzsche, PC; Hróbjartsson, A. Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups. BMJ. 2009, 338 (27 January): a3115. PMC 2769056  . PMID 19174438. doi:10.1136/bmj.a3115. 
  240. ^ Ernst, E. Acupuncture – a critical analysis. Journal of Internal Medicine. February 2006, 259 (2): 125–37. PMID 16420542. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01584.x. 
  241. ^ Furlan, AD; van Tulder, MW; Cherkin, DC; Tsukayama, H; Lao, L; Koes, BW; Berman, BM. Furlan, Andrea D , 编. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2005, (1): CD001351 [2016-08-07]. PMID 15674876. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001351.pub2. （原始内容存档于2011-10-17）. 
  242. ^ Lee, ML; Done, ML. Lee, Anna , 编. Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point P6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2004, (3): CD003281 [2016-08-07]. PMID 15266478. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003281.pub2. （原始内容存档于2011-09-23）. 
  243. ^ Acupuncture: Review and Analysis of Reports on Controlled Clinical Trials Section 3 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2003. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009年3月25日）. 
  244. ^ 244.0 244.1 NIH Consensus statement: "Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the 'acupuncture points', the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of Qi, the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture." Acupuncture. National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference Statement, 3–5 November 1997. Available online at consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  245. ^ British Cupping Society. [2008]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-27）. 
  246. ^ Singh, Simon; Ernst, Edzard. Trick or Treatment. Transworld Publishers. 2008: 368 [2016-08-07]. ISBN 978-0-552-15762-9. （原始内容存档于2019-02-18）. 
  247. ^ Definition of Chinese meridian theory. National Cancer Institute. [16 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-19）. 
  248. ^ Shermer, Michael. Full of Holes: the curious case of acupuncture. Scientific American. July 2005, 293 (2): 30 [16 February 2009]. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0805-30. 
  249. ^ Stenger, Victor J. Reality Check: the energy fields of life. Skeptical Briefs (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry). June 1998 [25 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于11 December 2007）.  "Despite complete scientific rejection, the concept of a special biological fields within living things remains deeply engraved in human thinking. It is now working its way into modern health care systems, as non-scientific alternative therapies become increasingly popular. From acupuncture to homeopathy and therapeutic touch, the claim is made that healing can be brought about by the proper adjustment of a person's or animal's 'bioenergetic fields.'"
  250. ^ Traditional Medicine and Pseudoscience in China: A Report of the Second CSICOP Delegation (Part 2). CSICOP. [15 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009年10月4日）. 
  251. ^ Traditional Chinese Medicine: Overview of Herbal Medicines. Complementary/Integrative Medicine Therapies. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. [12 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2007年12月15日）. 
  252. ^ Yuehua, N; Chen, J; Wu, T; Jiafu, W; Liu, G; Chen, Jin. Chen, Jin , 编. Chinese medicinal herbs for sore throat (Review). Protocols. 2004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004877. 
  253. ^ Praities, Nigel. GPs warned over Chinese medicine. Pulse. 7 August 2008 [16 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2010年9月23日）. 
  254. ^ Normile, Dennis. ASIAN MEDICINE: the New Face of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Science. 2003, 299 (5604): 188–190 [2016-08-07]. PMID 12522228. doi:10.1126/science.299.5604.188. （原始内容存档于2009-12-25）. 
  255. ^ Gardner, Martin. Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2001: 92–101. ISBN 0-393-32238-6. 
  256. ^ Garofalo, Pat. Jenny McCarthy's Pseudoscience Has No Place on 'The View'. US News. 2013-07-12 [2014-03-13]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-07）. 
  257. ^ Doja A, Roberts W. Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature. Can J Neurol Sci. November 2006, 33 (4): 341–6. PMID 17168158. doi:10.1017/s031716710000528x. 
  258. ^ Immunization Safety Review Committee, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine. Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2004 [2016-08-08]. ISBN 0-309-09237-X. （原始内容存档于2007-07-11）. 
  259. ^ Williams, William A. Encyclopedia of pseudoscience. New York: Facts on File. 2000. ISBN 0-8160-3351-X. 
  260. ^ Kirkpatrick and Dahlquist. Technical Analysis: The Complete Resource for Financial Market Technicians. Financial Times Press, 2006, page 3. ISBN 0-13-153113-1
  261. ^ Beating the Quants at Their Own Game — SPDR S&P 500 Trust ETF (NYSEARCA:SPY) | Seeking Alpha. [2016-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-05）. 
  262. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2014-01-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-05-12）. 
  263. ^ Highs and Lows: A Behavioral and Technical Analysis by Bruce Mizrach, Susan Weerts :: SSRN. [2016-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-05）. 
  264. ^ Paul V. Azzopardi. Behavioural Technical Analysis: An introduction to behavioural finance and its role in technical analysis. Harriman House. 2010. ISBN 1-905641-41-9. 
  265. ^ Andrew W. Lo; Jasmina Hasanhodzic. The Evolution of Technical Analysis: Financial Prediction from Babylonian Tablets to Bloomberg Terminals. Bloomberg Press. 2010: 150 [2011-08-08]. ISBN 1-57660-349-0. （原始内容存档于2016-09-01）. 
  266. ^ Paulos, J.A. A Mathematician Plays the Stock Market. Basic Books. 2003. 
  267. ^ Griffioen, Technical Analysis in Financial Markets （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  268. ^ Fama, Eugene (May 1970). "Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work," （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Journal of Finance, v. 25 (2), pp. 383–417.
  269. ^ Increasing the dose of antipsychotic medication to control violence. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983-09, 140 (9): 1274–1275. ISSN 0002-953X. doi:10.1176/ajp.140.9.1274. 
  270. ^ Stompe, T.; Ortwein-Swoboda, G.; Schanda, H. Schizophrenia, Delusional Symptoms, and Violence: The Threat/Control-Override Concept Reexamined. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2004-01-01, 30 (1): 31–44. ISSN 0586-7614. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007066. 
  271. ^ Bell, Vaughan; Maiden, Cara; Muñoz-Solomando, Antonio; Reddy, Venu. ‘Mind Control’ Experiences on the Internet: Implications for the Psychiatric Diagnosis of Delusions. Psychopathology. 2006, 39 (2): 87–91. ISSN 0254-4962. doi:10.1159/000090598. 
  272. ^ “腦控”真的存在嗎？其實和催眠沒關係 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 新浪網
  273. ^ Randi, James. An Important Appeal. James Randi Educational Foundation. 2004-07-16 [2007-11-17]. （原始内容 (newsletter)存档于2004年7月17日）. This is a total quack procedure that has actually killed children. 
  274. ^ Maloney, Shannon-Bridget. Be Wary of Attachment Therapy. [2007-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-13）. 
  275. ^ Berlin, Lisa J.; Ziv, Yair; Amaya-Jackson, Lisa; Greenberg, Mark T. (编). Preface. Enhancing Early Attachments. Theory, Research, Intervention and Policy. Duke series in child development and public policy. Guilford Press. : xvii. ISBN 1-59385-470-6. 
  276. ^ 276.0 276.1 Chaffin, M; Hanson, R; Saunders, BE; Nichols, T; Barnett, D; Zeanah, C; Berliner, L; Egeland, B; et al. Report of the APSAC task force on attachment therapy, reactive attachment disorder, and attachment problems. Child Maltreat. 2006, 11 (1): 76–89. PMID 16382093. doi:10.1177/1077559505283699. 
  277. ^ CESNUR — APA Brief in the Molko Case. [2008-03-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-17）. 
  278. ^ American Psychological Association Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology (BSERP). Memorandum. CESNUR: APA Memo of 1987 with Enclosures. CESNUR Center for Studies on New Religions. 1987-05-11 [2008-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2008-09-24）. BSERP thanks the Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control for its service but is unable to accept the report of the Task Force. In general, the report lacks the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA imprimatur. 
  279. ^ APA memo and two enclosures. [2016-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-21）. 
  280. ^ Haldeman, Douglas C. The Pseudo-science of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy (PDF). ANGLES: the Policy Journal of the Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies. December 1999, 4 (1) [2010-11-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-04-01）. 
  281. ^ Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies). American Psychiatric Association. May 2000 [2007-08-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008年9月10日）. 
  282. ^ Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel (PDF). Just the Facts Coalition. 1999 [2010-05-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-23）. 
  283. ^ Glassgold, JM. Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2009-08-01 [2009-09-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-06-03）. 
  284. ^ Barry Beyerstein Q&A. Ask the Scientists. Scientific American Frontiers. [2008-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-05）. they simply interpret the way we form these various features on the page in much the same way ancient oracles interpreted the entrails of oxen or smoke in the air. I.e., it's a kind of magical divination or fortune telling where 'like begets like.' 
  285. ^ The use of graphology as a tool for employee hiring and evaluation. British Columbia Civil Liberties Union. 1988 [2008-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2008年2月17日）. On the other hand, in properly controlled, blind studies, where the handwriting samples contain no content that could provide non-graphological information upon which to base a prediction (e.g., a piece copied from a magazine), graphologists do no better than chance at predicting the personality traits 
  286. ^ National Academy of Science. Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, 2nd edition. National Academy Press. 1999: 48 [2016-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-09）. 
  287. ^ Thomas, John A. Graphology Fact Sheet. North Texas Skeptics. 2002 [2008-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-12）. In summary, then, it seems that graphology as currently practiced is a typical pseudoscience and has no place in character assessment or employment practice. There is no good scientific evidence to justify its use, and the graphologists do not seem about to come up with any. 
  288. ^ Schmidt, Helmut. Clairvoyance Tests with a Machine'. Journal of Parapsychology. 1969, 33. 
  289. ^ Schmidt, Helmut. PK Experiments with Animals as Subjects. Journal of Parapsychology. 1970, 34. 
  290. ^ Schmidt, Helmut. PK Tests with a High Speed Random Number Generator'. Journal of Parapsychology. 1973, 37. 
  291. ^ Wooffitt, Robin; Holt, Nicola. Looking In and Speaking Out: Introspection, Consciousness, Communication. Andrews UK Limited. 2011-11-23: 32 [2019-01-25]. ISBN 9781845403355. （原始内容存档于2020-03-12）. 

參考資料

编辑

延伸閱讀

编辑

外部連結

编辑
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=被認定是偽科學的主題列表&oldid=84138660”